Anth - Chap 1 & 2

Question 0

anthropology

Answer 0

a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings; the study of human beings

Question 1

Anthropological linguistics

Answer 1

the anthropological studies of linguistics

Question 2

holistic

Answer 2

multifaceted approach to the study of human beings

Question 3

biological (physical) anthropology

Answer 3

seeks to answer two distinct sets of questions; first set includes questions about the emergence of humans & their later evolution (this focus is called human paleontology or paleoanthropology). the second set includes questions about how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically (this focus is called human variation); the study of the non-cultural, or biological, aspects of humans and near humans. Biological anthropologists are usually involved in one of three different kinds of research: 1) non-human primate studies (usually in the wild), 2) recovering the fossil record of human evolution, and 3) studying human biological diversity, inheritance patterns, and non-cultural means of adapting to environmental stresses. Biological anthropology is also referred to as physical anthropology.

Question 4

human paleontology

Answer 4

questions about the emergence of humans and their later evolution

Question 5

human paleontology or paleoanthropology

Answer 5

questions about the emergence of humans and their later evolution

Question 6

primatologists

Answer 6

anthropologists, psychologists, and biologists who specialize in the study of primates

Question 7

Homo sapiens

Answer 7

all living people belong to one species

Question 8

fossils

Answer 8

the buried, hardened remains or impressions of humans, prehumans, & related animals

Question 10

archaeology

Answer 10

the study of past cultures, primarily through their material remains (artifacts)

Question 10

prehistory

Answer 10

the time before written records

Question 11

ethnology

Answer 11

the comparative/cross-cultural study of cultures; study of existing & recent cultures; now usually referred to by the parent name, cultural anthropology

Question 12

historical archaeology

Answer 12

studies the remains of recent peoples who left written records; employs the methods of both archaeologists & historians to study recent societies for which there is both archaelogical & historical info

Question 13

historical linguistics

Answer 13

the study of how languages change over time & how they may be related

Question 14

sociolinguistics

Answer 14

the study of how language is used in social contexts

Question 15

descriptive (structural) linguistics

Answer 15

the study of how contemporary languages differ, especially in their construction

Question 16

ethnographers

Answer 16

one type of ethnologist; usually spend a year or so living with, talking to, and observing the people whose customs they are studying

Question 17

ethnography

Answer 17

the study of a specific culture; the data for a detailed description of customary behavior & thought

Question 18

ethnography

Answer 18

the study of a specific culture; the data for a detailed description of customary behavior & thought; anthropological research in which one learns about the culture of another society through fieldwork and first hand observation in that society.

Question 20

cultural anthropology

Answer 20

divided into 3 major subfields–archaeology, linguistics, & ethnology; the study of contemporary and recent historical cultures all over the world. The focus is on social organization, culture change, economic and political systems, and religion. Cultural anthropology is also referred to as social or sociocultural anthropology.

Question 20

artifacts

Answer 20

material remains modified by man that can be removed from a site (pottery, tools)

Question 21

primates

Answer 21

the biological order of animals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians.

Question 22

applied (practicing) anthropology

Answer 22

using the knowledge of anthropology to address human real-world problems; crossing different branches of anthropology to solve a problem

Question 23

features

Answer 23

material remains modified by man that cannot be removed from a site (bridge, building foundation)

Question 24

ecofacts

Answer 24

things naturally occurring on the landscape that can give us insight into human behavior (pollen, seeds); tells us something about the environment (i.e. bowl made from teak)

Question 25

enculturation

Answer 25

the process of acquiring culture; it is learned

Question 26

cultural universals

Answer 26

behavior patterns, cultural characteristics, & institutions that are found in all cultures of the world

Question 27

culture shock

Answer 27

the sense of discomfort & stress associated with being in an unfamiliar culture

Question 28

small scale society

Answer 28

a society that has a low population & limited technology or job specialization; not primitive

Question 29

culture

Answer 29

set of learned behaviors & ideas (including beliefs, attitudes, values, & ideals) that are characteristic of a particular society or other social group

Question 30

society

Answer 30

group of people who occupy a particular territory & speak a common language not generally understood by neighboring peoples

Question 31

norms

Answer 31

standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior

Question 32

ethnocentrism

Answer 32

attitude people hold when they judge other cultures solely in terms of their own culture

Question 33

cultural relativism

Answer 33

society’s customs & ideas should be described objectively & understood in the context of that society’s problems & opportunities

Question 34

maladaptive customs

Answer 34

those that diminish the chances of survival & reproduction & are likely to disappear

Question 35

adaptive customs

Answer 35

customs of a society that enhance survival & reproductive success are are likely to persist

Question 36

(cultural) diffusion

Answer 36

the process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society & incorporated into the culture of the recipient group

Question 37

acculturation

Answer 37

process of change; refers to the changes that occur when different cultural groups come into intensive contact

Question 38

globalization

Answer 38

“the massive flow of goods, people, info, & capital across huge areas of the earth’s surface”

Question 39

Paleontologists or Paleo anthropologists

Answer 39

study fossils

Question 40

“paleo”

Answer 40

the past

Question 41

medical anthropology

Answer 41

study the cultural & biological contexts of human health & illness

Question 42

forensic anthropology

Answer 42

a specialty of biological anthropology; are employed around the world principally by police, courts, and international organizations to identify murder and disaster victims. They do this mostly from skeletal remains and DNA.

Question 43

evolution

Answer 43

genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

Question 44

paleoanthropology

Answer 44

the study of early forms of humans and their primate ancestors. It is similar to paleontology except its focus is documenting and understanding human biological and cultural evolution. they do not look for dinosaurs and other early creatures. However, like paleontology, the data for paleoanthropology is found mainly in the fossil record.

Question 45

subculture

Answer 45

Commonly shared customs of a group within a society

Question 46

cultural integration

Answer 46

elements or traits that make up that culture are not just a random assortment of customs but are mostly adjusted to or consistent with one another; when you change one aspect of a culture, it will affect another

Question 47

Human variation

Answer 47

Questions about how & why contemporary human populations vary biologically

Question 48

Cross-cultural researcher

Answer 48

Interested in discovering general patterns about cultural traits–what is universal, what is variable, why traits vary, & what the consequence of the variability might be; may be a cultural anthropologist or some other kind of social scientist

Question 49

Biological (physical) anthropology

Answer 49

Concerned primarily with biological or physical characteristics of human populations

Question 50

Cultural anthropology

Answer 50

Interested principally in cultural characteristics

Question 51

Tabula rasa

Answer 51

We are born without any preconceived ideas of how to act or behave or what’s important to culture

Question 52

Enculturation

Answer 52

Process of learning; we learn from media, tv, body posture