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Microbiology > Antimicrobials/antibiotics > Flashcards

Antimicrobials/antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of antimicrobial/antibiotic?

A

chemical agent used in the body for theraputic purposes

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2
Q

define antibiotic

A

greek for “against life”, antimicrobial agents that are natural products of microorganisms

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3
Q

define synthesis

A

lab made, not living

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4
Q

what did Paul Ehrlich find in 1904?

A

that certain dyes had microbial effects.

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5
Q

what does Trypan Red kill?

A

trypanosome that causes the african sleeping sickness

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6
Q

What is arsphenamine?

A

arsenic compound effective against syphilis

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7
Q

when was arsphenamine found?

A

1910

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8
Q

what did General Domagk discover in 1935?

A

the dye protonsil red was effective against staph, strep, and other G(+) organisms

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9
Q

what did Jacques and Therese Trefouel discover?

A

that pronotonsil red broke down to sulfanilamide in the body and became the first sulfa-drug

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10
Q

what us necessary for the synthess of nucleic acid?

A

folic acid

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11
Q

where do eukaryotes get their folic acid?

A

from environment and diet

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12
Q

what do sulfonamides do to bacteria?

A

it interferes with the folic acid sythesis by mimicking PABA and makes bad folic acid

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13
Q

what are bacteriostaticks still used for?

A

G(+), UTI G(-) rods, and TB

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14
Q

what is a downside to bacteriostaticks? 3

A

many resistant organisms, drug allergies, and it accumulates in the kidneys

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15
Q

what are bacteriostaticks often used in combonation with?

A

trimetathropin, effective against shigella and pseudamonas

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16
Q

when was penicillin discovered?

A

1896

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17
Q

what happened in 1928?

A

alexander flemming isolated it but thought it would break down rapidly in the body and dropped research in 1931

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18
Q

when did penicillin come to the US?

A

1931

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19
Q

what does penicillin do?

A

interferes with petidoglycan synthesis, cell wall leaks and cell dies.

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20
Q

what is penicillin super effective against?

A

G(+)

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21
Q

What is amexicillin? 4

A

semi-synthetic penicillin
acid stable
excreted in urine
doesn’t bind with food

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22
Q

where are cephelo sproins from?

A

derived from fungus cephalosporium acremonium

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23
Q

what is 1st generation cephalosporins effective against?

A

G(+), some G(-)) rods

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24
Q

what are 2nd generation cephalosporins effective against?

A

G (+) and G(-) rods

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25
Q

what are third generation cephalosporins effective against?

A

G(-) rods esp. pseudomonas, central nervous system diseases

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26
Q

what is streptomyosin?

A

aminoglycoside, is a broad spectrum bacteriocidal.

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27
Q

when was streptomyosin discovered?

A

in 1944

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28
Q

where does streptomyocin come from?

A

mold like bacterium called streptomyeces griseus

29
Q

what stimulated the search for more antibiotics from microbes?

A

streptomyosin

30
Q

what was the first effective anti TB drug?

A

streptomyocin

31
Q

what does streptomyocin do?

A

interferes with prokaryotic protien synthesis

32
Q

what is a downside to streptomyocin?

A

it is toxic, causs kidney damage, hearing loss and requires blood level monitoring.

33
Q

what is gentamycin used against? 5

A

proteus, e. coli, klebsiella, serratia, pseudomonas

34
Q

what is spectinomyocin used against? 3

A

neisseria, gonotthoeae, IM (?)

35
Q

what is neomycin?

A

bacterial conjunctivitis if used in conjunction w/ polymyxin B and bacitrican

36
Q

why have aminoglycoside usage gone down?

A

second and third generation cephalosporins

37
Q

what are two natural tetracyclines?

A

chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline

38
Q

what are two synthetic tetracyclines?

A

tetracycline and doxycycline

39
Q

what is the drug of choice for most rickettsia and chlamydiae?

A

tetracycline

40
Q

what are tetracyclines?

A

broad spectrum, bacteriostatic that interfere with protien synthesis

41
Q

what are 4 downsides to tetracyclines?

A

can cause liver, kidney damage and perminent yellowing of perminent teeth. favors growth of antibiotic resistant organisms in the intestines

42
Q

what are chloramphenicols?

A

bacteriostatic that disrupts protien synthesis and was the first broad spectrum antibiotic

43
Q

what were chloramphenicolsoriginally made from?

A

streptomyces, but now made synthetically

44
Q

what are 3 downsides to chloramphenicols?

A

can cause allergic reactions, depresses bone marrow function which can lead to aplastic anemia

45
Q

when are chloremphenicals used?

A

only in life threatening circumstances such as typhoid fever or menigitis

46
Q

whaat are fluorquinolones?

A

synthetic and bacteriocidal. they inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

47
Q

when are fluroquinolones used? 6

A

for GI infections, STD, and Neisseria, chlamydiae, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes

48
Q

what was the first drug made for veterinary medicine?

A

baytril

49
Q

what is erythromycin/

A

a macrolide produced from streptomyces. it is bacteriostatick

50
Q

what is erythromycin mostly effective against?

A

G(+), some G(-), and mycobacteria

51
Q

what are 5 things erythromycin is used for?

A

penicillin allergic people, whooping cough, diptheria, cambylo bacteria, legionare’s disease

52
Q

what is clindamycin and lincomycin used for?

A

penicillin resistant cases and against staphylococcus, anaerobes, and chlamydiaw

53
Q

what is a side effect of clindamycin and lincomycin?

A

clostridial overgrowth in intestones

54
Q

why are fungi difficult to deal with?

A

because both fungi and host are eukaryotes

55
Q

what are imidazoles used for?

A

localized skin infections

56
Q

what are 5 antifungals?

A

miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, amphotericin, fluconazole

57
Q

what are three topical imadozoles?

A

miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole.

58
Q

what would you use for systemic fungal infections?

A

AMPHOTERICIN b, FLUCONAZOLE

59
Q

what is nystatin?

A

topical, cream suppository used for yeast infections

60
Q

what are four antiviral medications?

A

acyclovir, amantodine, aziclothymidine, interferons

61
Q

what does amantadine do?

A

reduces influenza spread and blocks penetration and uncoating of viral particles

62
Q

what does acyclovir do?

A

inhibits viral DNA polymerase

63
Q

what is acyclovir mostly used against?

A

herpes, varicella zoster

64
Q

what does aziclothymidine (AZT) do?

A

interferes with reverse transcriptidase which humans do not have

65
Q

what is AZT used against?

A

retroviruses like HIV

66
Q

what is a downside to AZT?

A

toxic side effects

67
Q

what are interferons?

A

protiens produced by cells in response to a viral infection

68
Q

what are interferons used against?

A

influenza, hepatitis, herpes, colds, genital warts

Microbiology (22 decks)

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