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Antimicrobias pharmacology > antiparasitic > Flashcards

antiparasitic Flashcards

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1
Q

what categories do antiparasitics meds have?

A

antiprotozoals
antimalarians
anthelmintics
ectoparasiticides

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2
Q

what type of med is Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine

A

antiprotozoal

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3
Q

what’s the mechanism of action of Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine

A

pyrimethamine mechanism: inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase → ⭣DNA synthesis

sulfadiazine mechanism: inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase → ⭣DNA synthesis

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4
Q

what’re the adverse effects of Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine

A

pyrimethamine: megaloblastic anemia, hyperkalemia

sulfadiazine: nephrotoxicity, pancitopenia, SJS, hypersensitivity reactions (sulfa)

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5
Q

what’s the use of Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine

A

toxoplasmosis (treatment), malaria

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6
Q

what Nitroimidazoles are there? and what category do they fall into

A

metronidazole, tinidazole

antiprotozoals

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7
Q

what’s the mechanism of action of nitromidazoles

A

free radical production → DNA strand breaks → ⭣DNA replication and transcription

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8
Q

what’s the use of nitromidazoles

A

trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, giardiasis, amebiasis (trophozoite), pseudomembranous colitis, intra-abdominal infection, peptic ulcer disease

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9
Q

what’re the adverse effects of nitomidazoles

A

metallic taste, peripheral neuropathy

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10
Q

what category does Paromomycin fall into

A

antiprotozoals

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11
Q

what’s the mechanism of action of Paromomycin

A

inhibition of ribosomal subunit → ⭣protein synthesis

commonly used as an intraluminal agent as it is poorly absorbed by the intestine

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12
Q

what are the adverse effects of Paromomycin

A

abdominal pain, ototoxicity, pruritis

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13
Q

whats the use of Paromomycin

A

amebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis → cysts

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14
Q

what’s the use and adverse effects of Diloxanide

A
  • use: amebiasis → cysts
  • adverse effects: pruritis
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15
Q

what category does Diloxanide fall into

A

antiprotozoal

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16
Q

what are uses and adverse effectos of Iodoquinol

A
  • use: amebiasis → cysts
  • adverse effects: optic nerve atrophy, peripheral neuropathy
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17
Q

what category does Iodoquinol fall into

A

antiprotozoal

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18
Q

what’re the mechanism and uses of Sodium Stibogluconate

A
  • mechanism: binds to thiol groups → ⭣formation of ATP and GPT
  • use: leishmaniasis
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19
Q

what are the adverse effects of Sodium Stibogluconate

A
  • adverse effects: transaminitis, cardiotoxicity, myalgias
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20
Q

what category does Sodium Stibogluconate fall into

A

antiprotozoals

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21
Q

what’s the use and category of Miltefosine

A

leishmaiasis, primary amebic meningoencephalitis

antiprotozoal

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22
Q

what’re the use and category of Pentamidine

A

use: African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis

antiprotozoal

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23
Q

use and category of Suramin

A

African trypanosomiasis

antiprotozoal

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24
Q

what’s the mechanism, use and category of Nifurtimox

A

mechanism: radical metabolite formation → DNA damage

use: African and American trypanosomiasis

category: antiprotozoal

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25
what's the mechanism, use and category of Eflornithine
mechanism: irreversible inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase → ⭣cellular differentiation and proliferation use: African trypanosomiasis category: antiprotozoal
26
what's the mechanism, use and category of Melarsoprol
mechanism: irreversible binding to pyruvate kinase → ⭣energy production - very toxic, it also affects the host use: African trypanosomiasis category: antiprotozoal
27
what's the mechanism, use and category of Benznidazole
mechanism: radical metabolite formation → DNA damage use: **American trypanosomiasis** category: antiprotozoal
28
what's the mechanism of action of Chloroquine (Hydroxychloroquine)
mechanism: **inhibition of heme polymerization** → ⭡toxic metabolites - only works with the parasites inside the RBC, the ones in the hepatocytes so it isn’t going to do anything to the latent parasites and isn’t going to prevent relapse resistance: efflux pump (P. falciparum)
29
what's the use of Chloroquine (Hydroxychloroquine)
use: uncomplicated chloroquine-sensitive malaria
30
what're the adverse effects of Chloroquie (Hydroxychloroquine)
adverse effects: retinopathy, ototoxicity, nausea, abdominal pain, photosensitivity, pruritis
31
Hydroxychloroquine has another use apart from being an antimalarian, what's that use?
also commonly used in rheumatic pathologies
32
what meds are considered Artemisin Analogs
Artesunate, Artemether-Lumefantrine
33
which Artemisin Analogs is given via IV
Artemether-Lumefantrine
34
what's te use of Artemisin Analogs
use: chloroquine-resistant malaria (Artemether-Lumefantrine), severe chloroquine-resistant malaria (Artesunate) - work at the level of RBC
35
what are the adverse effects of Artemisin Analogs
QT prolongation, GI disconfort
36
whats the use and adverse effect of Primaquine
- **use: prevention of relapse of latent liver hypnozoites (P. vivax and P. ovale)** - adverse effects: teratogenicity, hemolytic anemia (G6PD deficiency)
37
whats the use and adverse effect of mefloquine
- use: chloroquine-resistant malaria, malarial prophylaxis - adverse effects: **neuropsychiatric** (hallucinations, nightmares, confusion, seizures), GI discomfort
38
what's the use of tetracyclines in the context of antimalarians
use: uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant malaria, malarial prophylaxis
39
what are the use and adverse effects of Quinine and Quinidine
- use: severe chloroquine-resistant malaria - adverse effects: **cinchonism** (tinnitus, nausea, emesis, headache, visual disturbances), **QT prolongation**, hypoglycemia, GI discomfort
40
what are the use and mechanism of action of Atovaquone-Proguanil
- mechanism: inhibition of ETC, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (Proguanil) - use: chloroquine-resistant malaria, malarial prophylaxis, babesiosis
41
what's the tx for stage 1 West African Tripanosomiasis
Pentamidine
42
what's the tx for stage 1 East African Tripanosomiasis
Suramin
43
what's the tx for stage 2 West African Tripanosomiasis
Eflornithin + NIfurtimox
44
what's the tx for stage 2 East African Tripanosomiasis
Melarsoprol
45
what medications are Benzimidazoles and what categories do they fall into
Albendazole, Mebendazole Anthelmintics
46
what's the mechanism of action of Benzimidazoles
binds to B-tubulin → ⭣microtubule function →⭣nutrient uptake of parasite, ⭡destruction of mitochondria and ER
47
what's the use of Benzimidazoles
neurocysticercosis, echinococcosis, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, hookwork, toxocariasis, trichinellosis - its absorption is better when consumed with fatty foods = better for systemic infections - if you pathogen is intraluminal you don’t want a great absorption, so give it on an empty stomach
48
what're the adverse effects of Benzimidazoles
transient transaminitis, abdominal pain, nausea, agranulocytosis, alopecia
49
what's the mechanism of action of Diethylcarbamazine
mechanism: inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism → ⭣antiphagocytic ability
50
what's the use and category of Diethylcarbamazine
use: loiasis, lymphatic filariasis anthelmintic
51
what adverse effects does Diethylcarbamazine have
adverse effects: malaise, anorexia, vision loss, eosinophilia, leukocytosis
52
what's the mechanism of action of Ivermectin
mechanism: ⭡opening of glutamate-gated Cl- chanells → cellular hyperpolarization → paralysis
53
what's the use and category of Ivermectin
onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis (first line of tx), scabies, pediculosis capitis anthelmintic
54
what are the adverse effects of Ivermectin
transient transaminitis, abdominal pain, pruritis, nausea, dizziness, teratogenic
55
what's the mechanism of action of Praziquantel
mechanism: ⭡cell membrane permeability → ⭡Ca2+ influx → sustained depolarization → paralysis
56
what're the adverse effects of Praziquantel
adverse effects: transient transaminitis, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness
57
what's the use and category of Praziquantel
use: schistosomiasis, taeniasis, neurocysticercosis, clonorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis anthelmintic
58
what's the mechanism of action of Pyrantel Pamoate
mechanism: neuromuscular blockade (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase) → sustained depolarization → paralysis
59
what's the use and category of Pyrantel Pamoate
use: ascariasis (pregnancy), enterobiasis (pregnancy), hookworm anthelmintic
60
what're the adverse effects of Pyrantel Pamoate
adverse effects: transient transaminitis, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness
61
what Ectoparasiticides exist
Permethrin and Malathion
62
what's the mechanism of action of Permethrin
mechanism: inhibition of deactivation of Na+ channels → ⭡depolarization → paralysis
63
what's the use of Permethrin
use: pediculosis capitis, pediculosis corporis, pediculosis pubis, scabies
64
what're the adverse effects of Permethrin
adverse effects: pruritis, skin irritation
65
what's the mechanism of Malathion
mechanism: irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase → ⭡depolarization → paralysis
66
what's the use of Malathion
use: pediculosis capitis, pediculosis corporis, pediculosis pubis, scabies
67
what are the adverse effects of Malathion
adverse effects: pruritis, skin irritation

Antimicrobias pharmacology (5 decks)

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