Antiprotozoals

Question 1

Nitroimidazole

Answer 1

Metronidazole and tinidazole
Spectrum: Giardia
Strictly forbidden in food producing animals

Question 2

Nitroimidazole MOA

Answer 2

Interacts with protozoal DNA and causes damage and strand breakage

Question 3

Metronidazole (flagyl)

Answer 3

Eliminated giardia cyst shedding in cats
Tx infections by Giardia, entamoeba, balantidium, trichomoniasis in dogs
Side effect: neurotoxicosis

Question 4

Tinidazole

Answer 4

Suppresses shedding of T. foetes in cats
Giardia in dogs

Question 5

Benzimidazoles

Answer 5

Spectrum: Giardia
Drugs: albendazole, fenbendazole, febantel

Question 6

Benzimidazoles MOA

Answer 6

Inhibits tubulin polymerization and fumarate reductase

Question 7

Benzimidazoles uses

Answer 7

Tx of helminth in large and small animals (anthelminitcs)
Giardiasis in cats and dogs

Question 8

Albendazole uses

Answer 8

Large animals: Broad spectrum against nematode and trematodes
Dogs: giardia cysts

Question 9

Albendazole toxicities

Answer 9

BM depression, anorexia, depression, etc.
Should not be used in cats
Contraindicated in pregnant animals (teratogenic)

Question 10

Fenbendazole uses

Answer 10

Giardia organisms in dogs, cats and cattle
Cats co-infected with cryptosporidium

Question 11

Febantel (Drontal-Plus) uses

Answer 11

With pyrantel pamoate + praziquantel for intesinal nematodes and cestodes in dogs and cats
Tx Giardia in dogs and cats (safer)

Question 12

Parmomycin (aminoglycosides) uses

Answer 12

Giardiasis, luminal ameobiasis, leishmaniassis, crytosporidiosis in dogs and cats
ELDU in cattle and goats for cryptosporidiosis

Question 13

Sulfonamides

Answer 13

Sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline
Used for coccidiosis (anticoccidials)

Question 14

Tx of coccidiosis

Answer 14

Turkeys and chickens: Sulfamethazine
Cattle: sulfaquinoxaline
Dogs and cats: sulfadimethoxine

Question 15

DHFR/ TS inhibitors

Answer 15

Trimethoprim, ormetoprim, pyremethamine

Question 16

Trimethoprim

Answer 16

Coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, EPM, malaria
Adverse on BM (rescued by folinic acid)

Question 17

Ormetoprim uses

Answer 17

Poultry, chicken, turkeys and dogs: combo with sulfadimethoxine for coccidiosis

Question 18

Pyremethamine

Answer 18

Dogs and cats: toxoplasmosis and K9 neosporosis
Horses: EPM with sulfadiazine

Question 19

Amprolium (thiamine analogues)

Answer 19

Eimeria infections in chickens, turkeys, pheasants and calves
Coccidiosis in chickens, turkeys, pheasants, dogs, cats and cattle

Question 20

Amprolium MOA

Answer 20

Competitive inhibition of active thiamine transport into the parasite
Freely soluble in water

Question 21

Side effects of amprolium

Answer 21

High doses: thiamine deficiency
Dogs: neuro, depression, anorexia and diarrhea

Question 22

Robenidine (Guanidine derivative)

Answer 22

Prevention of coccidiosis in chickens

Question 23

Pyrindinols (clopidol)

Answer 23

Prevention of coccidiosis in chickens and turkeys
Prevention of Leucocytozoon smithi infection in turkeys

Question 24

Polyether ionophores

Answer 24

Monesin, Lasalocid, Salinomycin, Semduramicin, Narasin, Maduramycin
Wide spread usage in poultry industry

Question 25

Polyether ionophores MOA

Answer 25

Forms lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cations and transports them through cell membrane → swelling and rupture of sporozoites and merozoites

Question 26

Polyether ionophores uses

Answer 26

Anticoccidiocidal Premixes for prevention of coccidia in chickens Lasalocid (turkeys, chickens, partridges, sheep, cattle, rabbits) Monesin (quail, cattle and goats)

Question 27

__________ is very toxic in horses and can cause death

Answer 27

Monensin

Question 28

Halofuginone (alkaloids)

Answer 28

Prevention of coccidiosis in chickens and turkey Curative against theleria in cattle

Question 29

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Answer 29

Caused by Sarcocystis neurona Progressive neuro dz in equine Horse aberrant or dead-end host to the parasite Infected possum shed sporocysts

Question 30

Ponazuril (Marquis)

Answer 30

Primary metabolite of Toltrazuril (Baycox) Minimum side effects (blisters, skin rash, loose stool, mild colic)

Question 31

Ponazuril MOA

Answer 31

Interferes with mitochondrial respiration and nuclear division of the schizont

Question 32

Ponazuril uses

Answer 32

First drug approved for treating EPM Coccidial tx

Question 33

Lincosamides

Answer 33

Clindamycin and Lincomycin For toxoplasmosis and neospora sp. in cats and dogs

Question 34

Azithromycin (Azalides)

Answer 34

Activity against bacteria and mycoplasms Cattle: cryptosporoidiosis Dogs:Azithromycin and atovaquone against babesis gibsoni

Question 35

Imidocarb dipropoinate (diamidine derivative)

Answer 35

Tx K9 babesiosis Tx babesia in cattle and horses

Question 36

Diminazene diacenturate

Answer 36

Babesia of cattle, horses and dogs Tx cytauxzoon in cats

Question 37

Nitazoxanide (nitrothiazole derivative)

Answer 37

EPM in horses Spectrum: giardia, coccidia, cryptospridiosis, S. neurona

Question 38

Side effects of Nitazoxanide

Answer 38

Don't use in horses <1 yr old Fatal enterocolitis for horses

Question 39

Arsenicals

Answer 39

Spectrum: histomoniasis, coccidiosis Nitarsone, MOA unclear

Question 40

Arsenicals uses

Answer 40

Humans: Africa trypanosomiasis Chickens and turkeys: Nitarsone for prevention of histomoniasis (dangerous in ducks, geese and dogs)

Question 41

Pentavalent Antimonials

Answer 41

Leishmania sp. Meglumine antimonate to tx K9 leishmaniasis

Question 42

Aminoquinolones

Answer 42

Cloroquine Tx avian malaria Tx malaria in penguins (Plasmodium relictum)

Question 43

Tetracyclines

Answer 43

Cattle: tx anaplasma marginale infections Horses: chlortetracycline for babesia equi Dogs: doxycycline for babesia canis

Question 44

Nitrofurtimox (nitrofurans)

Answer 44

Tx human Trypansosomas cruzi and K9 T. cruzi Restricted use in food-producing animals