Ap Exam Flashcards
(33 cards)
Native American populations in the Americas were diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment they lived (before European contact)
(coastal regions: permanent settlements, great basin: hunter-gatherers, missippi: farmers/trade on river, NE: agriculture, long houses, Iroquois
Europeans came to America for various reasons
European states were changing= stronger states, larger wealthy class who wanted goods from China but ottoman-Muslim controlled trade routes, English needed trade routes
Portugal had trading post empire
Spain decided to sail west, Reconquista
Christopher Columbus sponsored by Spain, 1492, returns leads to competition
Colombian Exhange= massive changes
Europe to Americas: wheat, rice
Americas to Europe: turkey
Europe to Americas: cattle, pigs, horses
Important because these new exchanges expanded diets=longer life spans, population increases
Smallpox, measles devastated native population
Americas to Europe: gold and silver
Feudalism –> capitalism
Transfer of ppl, good, plants, animals from new world to old world (vice versa_
Americas to Europe: potatoes, maize
Arrival of Spanish changed social/economic makeup of Americas
encomienda system (Native laborers but they were dying because of disease)
Rise of African slavery (because natives were dying)
Caste system/casta system (categorized based on race and ancestory, native born—- bottom=natives/slaves, middle=intermarriage)
As a result of their interaction with each other, Europeans and native Americans understanding of each other changed over time
asas: dignity of natives
Land use: Europeans thought land could be bought and sold, Natives were connected spiritually to the land
One side Argued that native Americans are less than colonists and benefited from conversions
De la c
Founding of Jamestown (1607)
French Indian war (1754)
Spanish, Dutch, French, English projects were motivated by diff goals
- Gold, God, Glory
French/Dutch: wanted trade, fur trade, very few permanent settlements, Quebec, new Amsterdam
Spain: conquest
British: inflation in Britan due to Colombian Exhange, puritans/separatists, needed land
British colonies in north America differed from each other
Chesapeake (North Carolina)
Jamestown: money, mostly men looking for work, indentured servants- replaced by slaves-, Tabacco, House of burgesses (Virgina)
New England: 1620, puritan family groups, single men, self-governing, democratic (because of the distance from Britan), Mayflower compact (pilgrims, organized government)
West indies: warm climates= year ground crops, cash crops, spike in demand for African laborers
Middle colonies: sea, lots of rivers = hub for trade, exports of cereal crops, diverse
What kept colonization was the great wealth coming from transatlantic trade
Triangular trade
Mercantilism= dominate economic system in Europe, established colonies to provide parent country to give raw materials (navigation act: required trade through English ships, ports) Only a certain amount of wealth because gold and silver. A state just wants as much gold/silver as they can get.
European colonies became more established, European powers kept diff policies in interactions with natives which led to conflicts
Metacom’s war/king Philips war (Wampanoag Indians, Metacom felt threatened by British and attacked them, showed colonists and natives are not chill)
Pueblo revolt (against Spanish in sw, pueblo resistance to Spanish land grabs and conversion, pueblo was first successful, but then Spain won)
All British colonies depended on enslaved African laborers some slaves rebelled though
Idea of slavery was justified because people were ‘chattel’ or property
Enslaved experience varied (covert- slaves revolted through keeping their culture or overt-Stono rebellion, sc, small group of enslaved people burnt plantations…)
Colonial society both resembled English society and its own character
Influence from enlightenment (print culture)
Natural rights, social contract- weakened religious authority
Resistance to enlightenment from new light clergy = laid groundwork for 1st great awakening (national movement for colonies)
British colonial polices led to mistrust in American colonies
Us colonies are more anglicized (more English) also developing gov that resembled English
British impressment (colonists became more aware of their natural rights)
French and Indian war led to increased land for the American colonies but burden of tax
Causes of French Indian war: conflict French v British in Ohio river valley
After: (British win), Louisiana territory goes to Spain as a result British doubles land
Consequences: American colonists move west=conflicts with natives so Britan passes proclamation line of 1763, taxes (British high debt, running colonies was expensive)
British colonial polices (taxing) led to revolutionary war
Salutary neglect (Britain far= self-govern, but now suddenly parliament is demanding taxes)
Navigation acts, quartering act, stamp act
Parliament is extracting taxes without consent, colonies don’t have representation
Virtual representation (colonial response: stamp act congress- put together petition to ger rights as English citizens back. INDEPDENCE NOT IN CARDS YET.)
Boycott English goods
Boston massacre
Boston tea party (British response coercive acts- pay for lost tea) INDEPDENCE SOUNDS GOOD.
Enlightenment ideas had a big influence on American indepdence movement
Natural rights, social contract, separation of powers
Common sense: colonies can’t be tied to Britain, indepdence is only way forward, Bible + enlightenment
Declaration of indepdence: enlightenment, all men created equal, social contract
Despite Britan’s military and money advantages, American patriots won revolutionary war
Loyalists: opposed indepdence
Patriots: favor indepdence (leadership of Geroge Washington- leader of contential army, battle of Saratoga- turning point, convinced France to help)
War ends battle of Yorktown (1781)
Articles of confederation failed because federal gov was too weak
States had their own gov
State models in articles, ratified 1781
Put all federal power in one legislative body (were afraid of power like Britian)
Good things: northwest ordinance- plan for statehood, abolished slavery in ne
Bad things: shays rebellion (alarmed leaders-what if more rebellions happen articles don’t have army)
Constitutional convention called to draft new constitution
Revise articles–> completely new
Federalist: strong central gov
Anti federalist: state gov
Virgina plan: rep by population, favored big states
NJ plan: rep by equal, favored small states
Great compromise: house of representives (pop), senate (equal)
3/5 compromise (3/5 of slave count as pop)
Fugitive slave act
Debate of ratification
Federalist papers
Federalist won only if they added bill of rights like anti federalist wanted
The constitution created new central gov about federalism and separation of powers
Sharing of power between Federal government and state
10th ammendedt: powers not specifically given to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved for the states or the people.
Legislate: law making
Executive: law enforcing
Judicial: law interrupting
Ideals of American revolution affected society in America in terms of gender roles and slavery
North: emancipation
Republican motherhood: best way for women to influence politics they could raise their children that way
French revolution inspired by American freedom/consent
Haitian revolution
Geroge Washington/Adams sent precedents for foreign policy, economic, federal and state gov
Political parties (federalists and democratic republicans, Whiskey rebellion: army)
Hamiltons national bank (uses elastic clause, revolutionary war debt from states into one national debt)
XYZ affair (Adams, French took American trade trips, Adams sends someone, but ships demanded bribe before even talking to Americans)
Alien/sedition acts (Adams, legal to deport any non-citizen, illegal to critic’s government publicly)
Virgina/Kentucky act: if states think something is un-cousntuial they can nullify it
Ideas about American national identify founded experion in art etc… strong regional representations
Artists, John Wilson peel
Benjiman Franklin
Classical style
Important: Americans are starting to form and discover their own identity
In the era of Jefferson, parties argued about policy, supreme court established its role, and us expanded its territory holdings
Powers of federal gov: democratic republican (strict), federalist (loose)
Expansion: Louisiana purchase, Thomas Jefferson (strict) yet he used elastic clause, sent people to chart out territory (Lewis and Clark)
Supreme court: constitution gave them very little love, chief justice john marshal (Maurby v madion- gave court power of judicial review, court is the final interrupter of constitution)
As federal power grew, regional interests often conflicted and opposed it
War of 1812: because Britain insulted America (impressment), opp from new England federalists (Hartford convention, suggest new England secede from union- proved federalists were out of touch led to their falling out)
Henery clay American system: unify American economy through federal funded improvements, second bank, tariffs (opp from South- Madsion vetoed some of this)
Missouri applies to be state, Tallmadge ammendment-missouri would enter as free state-, solution Missouri compromise/1820 from henry clay- Missouri free, 36 30-line, Maine slave
