AP test unit 8 development

Question 1

nature/nurture

Answer 1

How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?

Question 2

continuity/stages

Answer 2

Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

Question 3

stability/change

Answer 3

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age.

Question 4

sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

birth-2years; identifies object performance, object still exists when out of sight, recognition; children longer than 6 months don’t have object peramance, stranger anxiety

Question 5

pre-operational

Answer 5

2-7 years; begins to use language, seeing things from other viewpoints, classified objects by single feature, egocentric

Question 6

concrete operational

Answer 6

7-11 years; logical thinking, recognizes mathematical functions classifies objects by several features

Question 7

formal operational

Answer 7

11+ years; abstract thinking, concerned with hypothetical of future, create and test hypothesis

Question 8

pre conventional moral stage

Answer 8

1-9 years; punishment and obedience; right and wrong determined by what we are rewarded/punished for HOW IT AFFECTS THEM

Question 9

conventional moral stage

Answer 9

adolescents/adults; interpersonal concordance, law and order; being good is what pleases others. being good means doing duty to society; WHAT OTHERS WILL THINK

Question 10

post conventional moral stage

Answer 10

0-15% of over 20s; social contract, universal ethical principle; right and wrong determined by personal values, live with deeply held moral principles RIGHTS AND VALUES

Question 11

trust vs mistrust

Answer 11

infancy; appreciation of independence and relatednesss

Question 12

autonomy vs shame

Answer 12

early childhood; acceptance of cycle of life, integration to disintegration

Question 13

initiative vs guilt

Answer 13

play age (3-6); humor, empathy, resilience

Question 14

industry vs inferiority

Answer 14

school age (6-12); humility, acceptance of course of one’s life

Question 15

identity vs confusion

Answer 15

adolescence (12-19); sense of complexity of life, merging of sensory, logical, aesthetic perception

Question 16

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 16

early adulthood (20-25); sense of complexity of relationships, value of loving freely

Question 17

generatively vs stagnation

Answer 17

adulthood; caritas, caring for others, empathy and concern

Question 18

integrity vs despair

Answer 18

old age; existential identity, sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration

Question 19

teratogens

Answer 19

substances that cross placental barrier and harm prenatal environment

Question 20

rooting reflex

Answer 20

when touched on cheek, baby will turn toward touch

Question 21

grasping reflex

Answer 21

baby will try to grasp any object placed in palm

Question 22

moro reflex

Answer 22

when startled, baby will fling its body outward and retract to become small

Question 23

babinski reflex

Answer 23

will spread toes when foot stroked

Question 24

maturation

Answer 24

The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, leading various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence

Question 25

schemas

Answer 25

concepts or mental frameworks people use to organize and interpret information; a person’s picture of the world

Question 26

assimilation

Answer 26

Interpreting a new experience within the context of existing schemas

Question 27

accommodation

Answer 27

Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

Question 28

geocentricism

Answer 28

cannot perceive thing from another’s point of view, me me me

Question 29

Harlow and contact comfort

Answer 29

infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact, deprivation of attachment with real mother has long term effects

Question 30

insecure attachment

Answer 30

anxiety if mother is removed

Question 31

secure attachment

Answer 31

explore environment happily in presence of their mothers

Question 32

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 32

parent demands obedience, controls through p0unishment, limited communication, restrictive, limited love

Question 33

permissive indulgent

Answer 33

few rules, allows child to make own decisions, high communication, warmth, love, acceptance

Question 34

permissive neglectful

Answer 34

uninvolved, low levels of responsiveness, lack of support, absent

Question 35

authoritative

Answer 35

parent establishes clear limits, explanations for consequences, open communication, collaboration, love and warmth, democratic

Question 36

Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development

Answer 36

Personality is profoundly influenced by our experiences with others (he was a neo-freudian)

Question 37

Asynchrony

Answer 37

awkward stage; the condition in which the growth of bodily parts is uneven, not understanding how body works

Question 38

self concept

Answer 38

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth emerges gradually around 6 months. Around 15-18 months they can recognize themselves in the mirror. By 8-10 years, their self-image is stable

Question 39

spotlight effect

Answer 39

The feeling experiences when individuals believe everyone is watching or listening to them

Question 40

personal fable

Answer 40

idea that you are unique, perhaps the only one who has every experienced this

Question 41

social clock

Answer 41

The “best” timing for certain life events

Question 42

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Thinking

Answer 42

pre conventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality