Aphasia and Memory Disorders Flashcards by Hugh Murray

What are the two mechanism of recovery from aphasia’s?

Contralateral transfer - mainly in younger people

Ipsilateral re-organisation

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Is language the same as speech?

No, language can be produced through a number of mode eg writing

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How do the left and right hippocampi vary in memory?

Generally

Left: verbal memory,

list recall, story recall, paired associated learning

Right: Non-verbal memory

visuo-spatial associations
facial recall

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What is an episodic cause of aphasia?

Migraine

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What is supplied by the superior branch of the MCA?

Sensorimotor cortex

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

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What is an insidious onset-progressive cause of aphasia?

Dementia

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What is a transcortical motor aphasia?

Non-fluent aphasia

Mutenesss at most severe

Repetition is preversed

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What is semantic memory?

General facts

Shared knowledge

eg the meaning of a word or a historical date

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What type of aphasia is associated with AD?

Fluent

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What is a common associated feature of Broca’s aphasia?

Right arm and face weakness

Sensory loss in the same region

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What percentage of dementia is caused by Alzheimer’s disease?

50%

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How does hippocampal sclerosis present?

Declarative memory disturbance

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What is supplied by the inferior division of the MCA?

Temporoparietal cortex

Visual tracts

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Knocking out the mamillary bodies can do what to memory?

Cause dense amnesia with poor prognosis

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What are three important regions for declarative memory?

Hippocampus

Entorhinal cortex

Perirhinal cortex

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What is a conduction aphasia characterised by?

Fluent aphasia

Relatively intact comprehension

Poor repetition of words

What is episodic memory?

Memory of a time and a place that include your emotional tone

T/F Retrograde amnesia commonly accompanies andrograde amnesia

True

What is transient global amnesia characterised by?

Precipitating events including - sexual intercourse, immersion in cold water

Anterograde amnesia

No disruption of self-identity

What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?

Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Are skills declarative or non-declarative information?

Non-declarative

What is mild cognitive impairment?

Subclinical transition phase between normal ageing and dementia

Self complaint for 6-12 months

What is aphasia?

A disturbance in language as a result of brain damage

What is an acute cause of aphasia

Stroke

Penetrating head injury

Define procedural memories

Slowly acquired Long term Implicit

What is overload syndrome?

Thinking your memory is poor when really it's due to having to learn a lot of information

How does Alzheimer's develop on a pathological level?

Pathology spread throughouts the brain Transenterorhinal (asymptomatic) Limbic system (incipient) Neocortical associated cortex (fully developed AD)

Where are lesions that cause Broca's aphasia located?

Anterior: pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus

What is working memory?

The ability to hold a piece of information and manipulate it over a short period of time

What happens with memory in the hippocampus?

Memories are consolidated

What is the difference between production and selection in speech?

Production is producing appropriate output sequences where selection is choosing appropriate content

What is non-declarative memory?

Unconscious precedural memories

Does declarative or non-declarative memory more often break down?

Declarative

Describe language in Wernicke's aphasia

Fluent with: Neologisms - made up words repeated for certain Paraphasic errors eg boap or boat Impaired comprehension

Who is HM?

Famous case of a guy who had bilateral medial temporal lobe resection causing severe antrograde amnesia

What are some causes of memory impairment?

Neurodegenerative diseases Cerebrovascular diseases Transient disorders Surgical resection

What type of aphasia is broca's?

Non-fluent aphasia Loss of grammatical (sequential) structure Intact selection of content

Which hemisphere is most commonly speech?

Left

Where are the lesions that cause Wernicke's aphasia located?

Posterior: posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus