Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is introspection?

A

Study of the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures

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2
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind, behaviour and experience

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3
Q

Why is Wundt’s work on introspection significant?

A

It marked the beginning of scientific psychology and separated from its broader philosophical roots.

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4
Q

What was Wundt’s aim in his research?

A
  • To analyse the nature of human consciousness, state and processes.
  • To study the mind under controlled conditions
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5
Q

How did Wundt conducted his research?

A
  • divided observation into three categories: thoughts, images and sensations
  • isolated conscious thoughts into basic structures of thoughts, processes and images
  • recorded their experiences of various stimuli.
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6
Q

What is structuralism?

A

isolating conscious thoughts into basic structures of thoughts, processes and images

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7
Q

What were the standardised procedures in Wundt’s experiment?

A
  • He recorded his experiences of various stimuli.
  • He applied the same instructions to all participants
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8
Q

Who is Wundt?

A

The father of psychology

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9
Q

When did Wundt open up his first Lab?

A

1879

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10
Q

Why did Wundt use structuralism?

A

To identify the basic elements of sensation used by introspection
i.e examining your mental state and emotional processes

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11
Q

What did John.B Watson believe?

A
  • scientific research only studies phenomenas that are objective and measured.
  • questioned introspection because it produces subjective data and cannot establish general laws.
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12
Q

What does Descartes believe?

A

the mind and body are independent

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13
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

A perspective which emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body.
Eg genetic inheritance and neural function

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

DNA that codes the physical features of an organism and psychological features.
They are transmitted from parents to offspring.
They make up chromosomes

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15
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The particular set of genes and individual possesses

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16
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

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17
Q

What is evolution?

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

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18
Q

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

A
  • everything that is psychological is first biological meaning to understand behaviour we need to look at biological structures
  • the mind is within the brain therefore, thoughts, feelings and behaviour have a physical basis.
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19
Q

What do behaviour genetics believe about the way behaviour are inherited?

A

Behaviour characteristics (intelligence, personality and mental disorder) are inherited in the same way as physical features. (Eye colour and height)

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20
Q

What do twins studies explain about the genetic basis of behaviour?

A

They determine the likelihood of certain traits having a genetic basis by comparing the concordance rates between twins which shows the extent they share the same characteristics

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21
Q

Identical twins share….

A

… a higher concordance because monozygotic twins share 100% of each others genes

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22
Q

Identical twins have a…

A

… lower concordance rate because dizygotic twins share 50% of their genes

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23
Q

What is the phenotype equation?

A

Phenotype= environmental factors and genotype

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24
Q

What is most of human interaction dependent on?

A

interactions between inherit factors and the environment

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25
Q

What theory did Charles Darwin propose?

A

The theory of natural selection

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26
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Genetically determined behaviour that enhances survival which will continues in future generations.

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27
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A

Naturally. This is because some traits are possessors of certain advantages which increases chance of survival. This is then reproduced and passed on

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28
Q

What happens when the possessor doesn’t reproduce(biological approach)?

A

The individual survives but the traits do not remain in the gene pool

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29
Q

Outline a limitation of the biological approach- deterministic vs explains behaviour (CW)

A

Biological approach is deterministic.

-It suggests that human behaviour is governed by internal, biological causes which we have no control over.

This impacts wider society as the law on criminals hold them morally and legally responsible for their action.

However, provides explanation of criminal behaviour. Criminal gene= complicated but allows psychologist to understand behaviour.

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30
Q

Outline a strength of the biological approach- real-life application

A

-increased level of understanding of biochemical processes in brain
This is because psychoactive drugs treat depression providing revolutionary treatment

  • allows suffers to understand and manage condition + live relatively normal life.
  • demonstrates how approach can be applied to psychological research and impact lives
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31
Q

What are the two learning approaches?

A

Behaviourist approach
Social learning approach

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32
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association.
It occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly pair together.
The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was produced by the unlearned stimulus alone

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33
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Form of learning which behaviour is shaped and maintained by it’s consequences.
This includes negative and positive reinforcement

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34
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour is being repeated

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35
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus which increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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36
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When an individual receives a reward for performing desired certain behaviour. This increases the likelihood of behaviour being repeated

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37
Q

What is punishment?

A

The unpleasant consequence of behaviour. It decreases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

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38
Q

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A
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39
Q

What is the classical conditioning equation?

A
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40
Q

Who researched classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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41
Q

Who researched operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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42
Q

Identify the characteristics of the Id

A

-develops at 0-18 months
-pleasure principle
-immediate gratification
-irrational behaviour

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43
Q

Identify the characteristics of the ego

A

-develops at 18 months - 3years
-it is the reality principle
-mediator between Id and superego

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44
Q

Identify the characteristics of the superego

A
  • it develops between 3-6 years
  • it is the morality principle
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45
Q

What is the tripartite personality?

A

-Id
-superego
-ego

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46
Q

Outline a strength tho Wundt’s work on psychology

A

-his method’s are scientific
-recorded introspection in a controlled lab and standardised his procedure so all were tested in same way
-research considered forerunner for scientific approaches in psychology

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47
Q

Outline a limitation of Wundt’s research

A

-not all aspects were scientific
- Wundt relied on participants self-reporting ‘private’ mental processes. This is subjective and some don’t want to reveal such personal info.
-can’t generalise info.
-effort to study mind were naive and didn’t meet scientific credibility

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48
Q

Outline the order of psychology emerging as a science

A

-1900s: behaviourist John. B. Watson rejects introspection
-1930s: behaviourism dominates psychology by Skinner
-1950s: cognitive approach studied mental processes
-1990s: biological approach

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49
Q

What are the key assumptions in the cognitive approach?

A

-internal mental processes should be scientifically studied
- we should investigate thinking, memory and perception
-humans are information processors like computers

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50
Q

What is the schema?

A

A cognitive framework which organises and interprets information in our brain

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51
Q

How do schemas develop?

A

Babies are born with a simple motor schema for innate behaviours
They are learnt through experience and help with our responses
They become more detailed with age as adults have mental representations for everything

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52
Q

What does the schema help us do?

A

Prevent us from being overwhelmed by large stimuli by taking shortcuts when interpreting large amounts of detail

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53
Q

What is wrong with our schema taking short cuts?

A

scheme distorts our interpretation causing perpetual errors and stereotypes. This is because assumptions are made based on incomplete information.

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54
Q

What are internal mental processes?

A

Private operations of the mind that mediate between stimulus and response. Eg, perception and attention

55
Q

What is important about theoretical models?

A

Suggests that information flows through a cognitive system in sequences of stages. Eg multi-store model

56
Q

What is the theoretical model?

A

The information processing approach

57
Q

What are computer models?

A

Programmes which can be run on the computer to imitate the human mind

58
Q

Why is the computer model useful?

A

Allows psychologists to test whether or not their ideas about information processing are correct

59
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Scientific study of the brain structures on mental processes

60
Q

How can neuroscientists study the living brain?

A

Use brain imaging technology eg PET and fMRI to understand the neurological basis of mental processing

61
Q

What is an example of the research within cognitive neuroscience?

A

-episodic memories and semantic memories are stored on opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex
-link between parahippocampus gyrus and OCD

62
Q

What has the expansion of cognitive neuroscience included?

A

Computer-generated models to read the brain leading to ‘brain fingerprinting’

63
Q

Outline a limitation of the cognitive approach- machine reductionism

A

-approach is based on machine reductionism.
-similarities between humans and computers but humans emotions and motivations influence cognition.Eg EWT influenced by anxiety
-oversimplifies cognitive processing
Impact: decreases validity as not thorough explanation

64
Q

Outline a strength of the cognitive approach- scientific objectives

A

-scientific objectives and methods
-psychologists have controlled and rigorous methods. Lab experiments are used infer cognitive processes and produce reliable data
-approach=creditable scientific basis
Impact: increases applicability of approach

65
Q

Outline a combo whopper of the cognitive approach- external validity vs application

A

-lacks external validity
-experiments to test approach use artificial stimuli eg. Peterson and Peterson’s memory study
-artificial stimuli not used in real life, research can’t explain everyday cognitive processes
CA: approach applied to range of practical contexts
-important contributions made to AI

66
Q

Identify the three types of defence mechanisms

A

-repression
-denial
-displacement

67
Q

What are the key assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

-The unconscious mind has important influence on behaviour

68
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

A theory emphasising individuals change and development

69
Q

What is the unconscious made up of?

A

The conscious mind
The pre-conscious mind
The unconscious mind

70
Q

What is the role of the unconscious mind?

A

Part of we are unaware of but controls everyday action
It drives our behaviour through biological and drives and instincts
Contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed

71
Q

According to Freud, What does most of our mind consist of?

A

The unconscious

72
Q

How does the unconscious mind how through our behaviour?

A

-freudian slips
-creativity
-neurotic symptoms: anxiety, jealousy

73
Q

At what stage does the superego develop?

A

End of Phallic stage

74
Q

What is repression?

A

A defence mechanism.
Blocking unpleasant memories

75
Q

What is denial?

A

A defence mechanism
Refusal to accept reality

76
Q

What is displacement?

A

A defence mechanism
It is redirecting out emotions onto other objects or people

77
Q

Identify the 5 psychosexual stages in order

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

78
Q

What does Old Age Pensioners Love Grapes stand for?

A

Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

79
Q

Outline the oral stage

A

Develops at 0-1 years
Focus is pleasure of the mouth
Mothers breasts are the desired object

80
Q

What is the consequence of unresolved action in the oral stage?

A

Oral fixation- smoking, sarcasm, being critical

81
Q

Outline the anal stage

A

Develops 1-3 years
Pleasure is the anus
Pleasure is gained by withholding or expelling faeces

82
Q

What is the consequence of unresolved conflict in the anal stage?

A

Anal retentive- perfectionism, obsessive
Anal expulsive- thoughtless, messy

83
Q

Outline the phallic stage

A

Develops between 3-5 years
Focus of pleasure is genital area
Child experiences Oedipus or electra complex

84
Q

What are the consequences of unresolved conflict in the phallic stage?

A

Phallic personality- narcissistic, homosexual

85
Q

What happens in the latency stage?

A

The earlier conflicts (oral, anal and phallic) are repressed

86
Q

What happens in the genital stage?

A

Sexual desires become conscious with puberty

87
Q

What is the unresolved conflict within the genital stage?

A

Difficult to form heterosexual relationships

88
Q

Briefly summarise the Oedipus complex

A
  • little boys develop incestuous feelings for their mother and murderous hatred for father.
  • Boys fear father will castrate them so they repress their feelings and identify with father.
  • Take on father’s gender roles and moral values
89
Q

Briefly summarise the electra complex

A
  • Girls experience penis envy.
  • Father’s penis is primary love object and hate mother
  • desire of father is replaced by desire for baby allowing to identify with mother
90
Q

When does the Oedipus complex occur?

A

The phallic stage

91
Q

When does the Electra complex occur?

A

The phallic stage

92
Q

Why are defence mechanisms used?

A

Used by ego to keep Id in order
Reduce anxiety

93
Q

Outline a strength of the psychodynamic approach- influential approach

A
  • influence psychology
    -explains wide range of phenomena eg, personality development
    -demonstrates importance of Freud’s ideas in psychology
    Impact: shows place in explaining behaviour
94
Q

Outline a combo whopper of the psychodynamic approach- Practical application vs deterministic

A
  • practical application
    -development of psycho-analysis allows access to unconscious
    -can treat patients with mental health
    CA: psychic deterministic. Suggests all behaviour caused by conflict we can’t control
95
Q

Outline a limitation of the psychodynamic approach- widely criticised

A
  • widely criticised
    -use intensive study of individuals eg, Little Hans
    -questions accuracy as uses case studies
    Impact: limit usefulness + explain human behaviour
96
Q

What are the key assumptions in the behaviourist approach?

A
  • behaviour is learnt from experience as humans start as blank slates
  • John. B Watson rejects introspection and uses lab experiments making research objective
  • believe there is a basic learning process for all species
97
Q

What did Pavlov’s dogs learn?

A

Dogs learnt how to salivate to the sound of a bell.
Learn through association

98
Q

What was the positive reinforcement in Skinner’s Box?

A

Reward= rats receive food when they press lever so they continued pressing the lever (desired behaviour)

99
Q

What as the negative reinforcement in Skinner’s Box?

A

The electrocuted floor when the lever wasn’t pressed.
The rats pressed the lever to avoid the unpleasant stimulus

100
Q

Outline a strength of the Behaviourist approach- scientific credibility

A
  • behaviourism=scientifically credible
  • brought language and methods of natural science in psychology + focus on measurement of observable behaviour
  • research is objective and can be replicated
    Impact: influence psych as science discipline
101
Q

Outline a limitation of the behaviourist approach- highly deterministic

A
  • approach is highly deterministic
    -actions determined by past experiences
    -ignores free will influences behaviour
    Impact: problematic as people not responsible for behaviour
102
Q

Outline a combo whopper of the behaviourist approach- ethical issues vs. Explain phobias

A
  • using animals= unethical
    -exposing stress and adverse conditions to animals
    -against psychology guidelines as causing harm
    CA: explain how psychological problems develop. Eg phobias
    • making valid explanation
103
Q

What are the key assumptions of social learning theory?

A
  • behaviour is learnt from the environment
  • behaviour is learnt both directly (behaviourism) and indirectly by observation
104
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement that is experienced through observing others being reinforced for a behaviour

105
Q

What is imitation dependent on?

A

The reinforcement that the model receives

106
Q

How is behaviour learnt through vicarious reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of observer imitating the behaviour as they want reward too.
Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of observer imitating the behaviour as the don’t want to receive the consequence of behaviour

107
Q

What is the role of meditational processes?

A

The process in which a observer does to learn from a role model

108
Q

Outline the steps in meditational processes

A

Attention to behaviour
Retention- remembering the behaviour
Reproduction- ability to perform behaviour
Motivation- willingness to repeat behaviour (based on VR)

109
Q

What is identification?

A

The imitator being able to identify with the role model and desire to be like them
Based on race, gender, religion etc

110
Q

Why is identification important?

A

Imitator more likely to model the role models behaviour if they identify with them.
They inspire them to do similar behaviour or copy precise behaviour

111
Q

Outline the aim of Bandura’s research

A

Believed that children imitate behaviour that they observe

112
Q

How did Bandura conduct his research?

A

Children watched a video of adult either behaving aggressively towards Bobo doll or non-aggressively to Bobo doll.
They were then given their own bobo doll to play with

113
Q

What did Bandura find in his research?

A

The children who watched the aggressive video were more aggressive towards their doll.
Demonstrates that behaviour is learnt through modelling so children learn aggression

114
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Humans are self-determining and have free will to determine our development
  • Humans are unique and emphasis subjective experience
  • We should reject scientific methods
  • all humans want to self-actualise
115
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Desire to grow psychologically and fulfill one’s full potential

116
Q

Identify the 5 levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belonging needs
  4. Self-esteem needs
  5. Self actualisation needs
117
Q

What is needed to reach self-actualisation?

A

All four lower levels of the hierarchy must be needed.

118
Q

According to Maslow, what is personal growth?

A

Developing and changing as a person to become filled, satisfied and goal-oriented

119
Q

What is congruence?

A

The self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly match

120
Q

How does Rogers argue personal growth is achieved?

A
  • individual’s concept of self must be congruent with their ideal self
121
Q

What is incongruence?

A

When there was too big of a gap between self and

122
Q

What re conditions of worth?

A

Parent places limits or boundaries on their love for their children

123
Q

How does Rogers say personal growth is achieved?

A

Individual’s concept of self must be congruent with self

124
Q

What the roots of the issues with have as adults (Roger)?

A

Childhood experiences and is explained by lack of unconditional positive regard

125
Q

What is the aim of Roger’s client centred therapy?

A
  • non-directive therapy which closes the gap
  • allows client towards discovery of their own solutions.
  • increases person’s feelings of self worth
126
Q

Explain a strength of SLT approach- underestimate biology

A
  • biological factors learning overlooked
    -Boys more agro regardless of specifics of situation
    -hormones influence, testosterone
    Impact: decrease validity in support
127
Q

Explain a strength in SLT approach- cultural differences

A
  • explain differences in behaviour
    -children understand gender roles
    -Africa male=homebody & UK=feminine
    Ex- learn from others + media
    Impact: useful
128
Q

What is a combo whopper evaluation of SLT approach?

A
  • over-reliant on lab studies to support
    -lab experiment in Bandura so respond to demand characteristics.
    -Children do expectation
    CA:comprehensive explanation of learning. Recognise importance of meditational processes
129
Q

Outline the aspects of the behaviourist approach

A

Nurture- born with blank slate
Reductionist (enviro)- simplifies behaviour
Deterministic(enviro)- influence by external forces
Nomothetic- establish laws in behaviours
Scientific by observing
Animal studies used

130
Q

Outline the aspects of the SLT approach

A

Nurture- born as blank slate
Reductionist- simplifies behaviour
Reciprocal determinism
Nomothetic
Scientifically observable

131
Q

Outline the aspects of the cognitive approach

A

Both nature and nurture
Machine reductionism
Soft determinism
Nomothetic
Studied scientifically
Use information from computers

132
Q

Outline the aspects of the biological approach

A

Nature- genetic make up explains behaviours
Biological reductionism
Biological determinism
Nomothetic
Scientific
Animal research used

133
Q

Outline the aspects of the psychodynamic approach

A

Both nature and nurture- innate drives but childhood experiences effects them
Holism- many elements important
Psychic determinism
Both idiographic and nomothetic- use case studies to apply to people
Not scientific

134
Q

Outline the aspects of the humanistic approach

A

Believes nature-nurture debate is valid
Holism- behaviour shouldn’t be broken down
Free will- we have chose over our behaviour
Idiographic- concerned about subjective experience
Not scientific
Animal research not used