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AS Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Name the psychologist that came up with the monotropic theory of attachment

A

Bowlby

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2
Q

Name the 2 explanations of attachment

A

Bowlby’s monotropic theory, learning theory

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3
Q

Describe attachment according to Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Innate system that gives a survival advantage

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4
Q

Define ‘monotropy’ according to Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Idea of having 1 particular/primary attachment that’s different/more important than others

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5
Q

Name the 2 principles Bowlby came up with to clarify his monotropic theory of attachment

A

Law on continuity, law of accumulated separation

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of social releasers babies give in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Smiling, cooing, gripping

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7
Q

What is the purpose of social releasers in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

A

Activate adult’s attachment system, gain response

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8
Q

How long does the critical period last for in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

A

2 years from birth

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9
Q

Describe the internal working model in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment and explain the effect

A

Child forms mental representation of relationship with primary caregiver, provides expectation for future attachments

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10
Q

Give a negative evaluation for the idea of monotropy in Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

It’s controversial - mums feel bad for going to work

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11
Q

Name the researcher/research into social releasers Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment (positive evaluation)

A

Brazleton et al, ignoring babies - gave up trying

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12
Q

Name the 2 psychologists who proposed the learning theory of attachment

A

Dollard, Miller

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13
Q

What does the learning theory of attachment essentially say?

A

Children learn to love whoever feeds them

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14
Q

Name the 2 types of conditioning in the learning theory of attachment

A

Classical, operant

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15
Q

Define classical conditioning and state what the UCS is in learning theory of attachment

A

Learning through association, food

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16
Q

Define operant conditioning in the learning theory of attachment

A

Learning through trial +errors with consequences

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17
Q

Explain why babies cry in the learning theory of attachment

A

Triggers a response from caregiver

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18
Q

Describe the counter-evidence from Shaffer + Emerson’s study in the learning theory of attachment

A

Most babies developed primary attachment to mother even though other carers mainly fed the babies

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19
Q

What does the learning theory of attachment ignore?

A

Other factors like reciprocity + interactional synchrony

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20
Q

How was Ainsworth able to observe the infant in the strange situation? (attachment)

A

Through a 2-way mirror

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21
Q

Name the 3 types of attachment found in Ainsworth’s strange situation (attachment)

A

Insecure-avoidant, secure, insecure-resistant

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22
Q

Match the 3 types of attachment with type A,B and C in Ainsworth’s strange situation (attachment)

A

A - insecure-avoidant
B - secure attachment
C - insecure-resistant

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23
Q

Give 3 examples of behaviours used to judge attachment in the strange situation (attachment)

A

Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, response to reunion

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24
Q

How could the strange situation be criticised as culture bound in attachment?

A

Japanese children rarely separated from mother, they would all be distressed

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25
Q

Name the 2 psychologists who studied attachment in animals

A

Lorenz, Harlow

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26
Q

What did Lorenz study in goslings? (attachment)

A

Imprinting

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27
Q

Briefly describe Lorenz’s study on attachment in goslings

A

Half the eggs saw their mother first, half saw Lorenz

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28
Q

Briefly describe the findings of Lorenz’s study on imprinting (attachment)

A

Incubator group followed Lorenz, others followed mum

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29
Q

Define ‘imprinting’ in attachment

A

Attaching + following the first moving object you see

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30
Q

Give the critical period Lorenz identified for the goslings to attach in attachment

A

A few hours

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31
Q

What did Lorenz say would happen if imprinting doesn’t occur within the critical period? (attachment)

A

Chicks don’t attach to anything

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32
Q

Name the 2 things that Lorenz studied in attachment

A

Imprinting, sexual imprinting

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33
Q

Describe Lorenz’s study into sexual imprinting in attachment

A

Peacock + tortoise in zoo, peacock only directed courtship (sexual behaviour) to tortoise - raised with them/attached

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34
Q

What did Harlow study and name the animal involved (attachment)

A

Contact comfort, monkeys

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35
Q

What did Harlow say about newborn monkeys? (attachment)

A

They usually die if left alone in a cage without something soft

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36
Q

What did Harlow find from his monkey study in attachment?

A

Contact comfort was more important than food

37
Q

Harlow did a follow-up on the monkeys, what was he studying the effects of? (attachment)

A

Maternal deprivation

38
Q

What did Harlow find on his follow-up study? (attachment)

A

Monkeys who had wire mothers were dysfunctional

39
Q

What was the critical period Harlow identified in attachment?

A

90 days

40
Q

What was the critical period Harlow identified in attachment?

A

90 days

41
Q

Give 1 negative evaluation of animal studies in attachment

A

Ethical issues - long-term effects

42
Q

What was the aim of the Romanian studies in attachment?

A

To study the effects of deprivation + institutionalisation

43
Q

Why were there so many Romanian orphans in the early 90s? (attachment)

A

Government required all women to have 5 children, couldn’t afford/didn’t want

44
Q

Name the researcher who carried out the English and Romanian adoptee study (attachment)

A

Rutter

45
Q

Name the 3 types of development Rutter studied in ERA study (attachment)

A

Physical, cognitive, emotional

46
Q

Give the 4 ages Rutter studied the development of the children in the ERA study (attachment)

A

4,6, 11, 15

47
Q

Describe the control group Rutter established in the ERA study (attachment)

A

British children that were adopted at a similar time

48
Q

On arrival, half of the Romanian orphans showed signs of which 2 things? (attachment)

A

Delayed intellectual development, severe malnourishment

49
Q

Describe the findings of Rutter’s ERA study (attachment)

A

There was a different outcome depending on whether the child was adopted before or after 6 months

50
Q

Which attachment style did children who were adopted after 6 months show in Rutter’s ERA study?(attachment)

A

Disinhibited (attention seeking, clingy)

51
Q

Name 2 effects of institutionalisation (attachment)

A

Disinhibited attachment, mental retardation

52
Q

Suggest why disinhibited attachment was typical in Rutter’s ERA study (attachment)

A

Could be an adaptation to having multiple caregivers in early life

53
Q

What did Rutter find about mental retardation?(attachment)

A

Most children caught up, can recover

54
Q

Give 1 negative evaluation of Romanian orphan studies in attachment

A

There was no follow-up studies - long-term effects unknown

55
Q

Give 1 positive evaluation of Romanian orphan studies in attachment

A

Real life application - improvements in institutions

56
Q

Name the 2 theories that Bowlby came up with (attachment)

A

Maternal deprivation, monotropic

57
Q

Define ‘separation’ in Bowlby’s MD theory (attachment)

A

Child not being in the presence of caregiver

58
Q

Define ‘deprivation’ in Bowlby’s MD theory (attachment)

A

Element of care is lost from caregiver to child

59
Q

Give the critical period for psychological development identified by Bowlby in the MD theory of attachment

A

first 30 months of life

60
Q

Name the 2 types of developmental effects in Bowlby’s MD theory of attachment

A

Intellectual, emotional

61
Q

A child has suffered maternal deprivation, give an intellectual effect according to Bowlby (attachment)

A

Delayed intellectual development, characterised by low IQ

62
Q

Name the researcher/research into delayed intellectual development in Bowlby’s MD theory of attachment

A

Goldfarb, low IQ in maternally deprived compared to fostered

63
Q

A child has suffered maternal deprivation, give an emotional effect according to Bowlby (attachment)

A

Affectionless psychopathy

64
Q

Define ‘affectionless psychopathy’ in attachment

A

Inability to experience guilt or emotion for others

65
Q

What is affectionless psychopathy associated with in the MD theory of attachment?

A

Criminality

66
Q

Name the study which studied the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation (attachment)

A

Bowlby’s 44 thieves

67
Q

Name the method of study used in Bowlby’s 44 thieves study (attachment)

A

Interviews (criminal teens + parents)

68
Q

Give the statistical findings of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study in attachment

A

14/44 were affectionless psychopaths,

12 suffered prolonged separation in first 2yrs

69
Q

Give 2 negative evaluations of Bowlby’s MD theory of attachment

A

Orphans may be traumatised (extraneous variables), sensitive period, not critical period (damage not inevitable)

70
Q

What is meant by ‘cultural variations’ in attachment?

A

Different child-rearing styles

71
Q

Name the researchers who carried out the key study into cultural variations in attachment

A

Van IJzendoorn, Kroonenberg

72
Q

What did van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg look at? ( cultural variations in attachment)

A

Proportion of attachment types in different countries

73
Q

How many studies did van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg carry out and in how many countries? (cultural variations in attachment)

A

32 studies, 8 countries

74
Q

How many of van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s studies were in the US? (attachment)

A

15

75
Q

In all of the countries in van Izendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study, which was the most common type of attachment?

A

Securely attached

76
Q

Give the percentages of securely attached in Britain and China in van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study into cultural variations in attachment

A

Britain - 75%, China - 50%

77
Q

In van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study, insecure-avoidant was found most common in Germany, which country was is least common in?(attachment)

A

Japan

78
Q

Give a positive evaluation of van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study into attachment

A

Large sample sizes

79
Q

Give a negative of van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study into attachment

A

Between countries, not cultures

80
Q

Van IJzendoorn + Kroonenberg’s study used which method to cndct research?(attachment)

A

Ainsworth’s strange situation

81
Q

Name the model that Bowlby suggests could influence later relationships in attachment

A

Internal working model

82
Q

Give the method that Myron-Wilson + Smith used when researching links between attachment type and bullying behaviour

A

Questionnaires

83
Q

Out of the 3 attachment types, which were found more likely to be bullies + victims in Myron-Wilson + Smith’s study?

A

Insecure-avoidant - victims, insecure-resistant - bullies

84
Q

What kind of involvement in bullying did securely attached children have in Myron-Wilson + Smith’s study?

A

No involvement

85
Q

McCarthy studied 40 women who had been assessed for attachment types as children, what did they find about the securely attached women?

A

They had the best adult friendships + romantic relationships

86
Q

What did insecure-resistant women have trouble with in McCarthy’s study into early influences in attachment?

A

Maintaining friendships

87
Q

What did insecure-avoidant women have trouble with in McCarthy’s study into early influences on attachment?

A

Intimacy in romantic relationships

88
Q

Name the 3 subheadings in the influence of early attachment on later relationships (attachment)

A

Internal working model, childhood friendships, adult romantic relationships

89
Q

Give 2 negative evaluations of the influence of early attachment on later relationships ideas (attachment)

A

Association not causality, influence over-exaggerated

AS Psychology (6 decks)

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