Attraction and Intimacy Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Define proximity.
A
Geographical nearness.
2
Q
Give another name for proximity.
A
Functional distance.
3
Q
What does proximity powerfully predict?
A
Liking.
4
Q
Explain the mere-exposure effect.
A
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.
5
Q
What is the matching phenomenon?
A
The tendency for men and women to choose partners who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits.
6
Q
Define complementarity.
A
In a relationship with two people, the each complete what is missing in the other.
7
Q
Define ingratiation.
A
The use of strategies to seek another’s favour.
8
Q
Explain the reward theory of attraction.
A
We like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or who we associate with rewarding events.
9
Q
Define passionate love.
A
A state of intense longing for union with another
10
Q
How do people experiencing passionate love behave? (3)
A
They are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner’s love and are disconsolate on losing it.
11
Q
Explain the two-factor theory of emotion.
A
Arousal X its label = emotion.
12
Q
Define companionate love.
A
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.
13
Q
What is model of self?
A
The extent to which a person perceives themselves as worthy of love and care.
14
Q
What is model of other?
A
The extent to which a person perceives others as trusting and caring.
15
Q
Explain attachment anxiety.
A
The attachment dimension characterised by a preoccupation with relationships and excessive need for reassurance and approval.
16
Q
Explain attachment avoidance.
A
The attachment dimension characterised by discomfort with closeness, excessive self-reliance and a distrust of others.
17
Q
What is preoccupied attachment?
A
Attachment marked by a sense of your own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence and possessiveness.
18
Q
What is dismissive attachment?
A
An avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others.
19
Q
What is fearful attachment?
A
An avoidance relationship style marked by fear of rejection.
20
Q
What is secure attachment?
A
Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy.
21
Q
Define equity.
A
A condition where the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.
22
Q
Define self-disclosure.
A
Revealing intimate aspects of yourself to others.
23
Q
Define intimacy.
A
A feeling of closeness and connection that develops between partners.
24
Q
What is disclosure reciprocity?
A
The tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.
25
Define social support.
Physical and emotional support provided to another in a time of need.
26
What is demand-withdrawal?
A communication pattern where one person makes demands of another person, while the other withdraws from the conversation.
27
Explain mutual avoidance.
A communication pattern where two people avoid discussing a particular issue or problem.
28
Define commitment.
The desire or intent to persist with a relationship.
29
Explain personal commitment.
A desire and feelings of personal dedication to maintain a relationship.
30
Explain moral commitment.
A person's feelings of duty, obligation and moral responsibility to continue a relationship.
31
Explain structural commitment.
Maintaining a relationship due to the costs or negative consequences of leaving it.
32
Define ostracism.
Acts of excluding or ignoring.
33
How do people respond to ostracism? (5)
Depressed mood, anxiety, hurt feelings, efforts to restore relationships and eventual withdrawal.
34
When does exclusion hurt longest?
When people are anxious or when it is by a disliked outgroup.
35
Give an upside to ostracism.
When excluded people are given an opportunity to make a new friend, they are eager to take it, and they become more attentive to smiling faces, as well as increased mimicry of others behaviour.
36
Anticipating what boosts liking?
Interaction.
37
What is the name letter effect?
A form of exposure effect where people prefer letters or characters appearing in their own names and those which are most common in their native languages.
38
The mere exposure effect violates the:
Common sense prediction of boredom.
39
When does familiarity increase contempt?
When dissimilarity is perceived.
40
Define implicit egoism.
We like what we associate with ourselves.
41
Who proposed the Ideal Standards Model? (2)
Fletcher and Simpson.
42
According to the Ideal Standards Model, what is a=our attraction to people based on? (2)
Good genes and a good investment.
43
What does it mean to say that someone is a good investment?
The person possesses certain resources and is supportive and caring.
44
What does it mean to say that someone has good genes?
The person has some genetic advantage that can be passed to offspring.
45
Give some examples of the likeness-leads-to-liking effect.
More similar roommates had better friendships, and natural mimicry increases rapport.
46
What does attitude alignment do?
Helps promote and sustain close relationships.
47
What can attitude alignment lead to overestimation of?
Attitude similarities.
48
Does being told that someone likes you increase your affection for that person?
Yes.
49
Why do we often perceive criticism as more sincere than praise?
We lose respect for people and wonder if they have ulterior motives if the praise violates what we know to be true.
50
When are attribution processes normally activated? (4)
When the behaviour of a relationship partner is viewed as unusual, novel, unpredictable or important.
51
Do attributions only occur in unsatisfying relationships?
No, they occur in both satisfying and unsatisfying relationships.
52
What have positive attributions been found to foster?
Positive relationship outcomes, like enhanced trust and satisfaction.
53
What did Murray find about self-esteem?
People who experience issues of self-esteem are more sensitive to partner rejection and that this can reduce relationship satisfaction.
54
In relationships, what do people with low self-esteem tend to underestimate?
How much their partner appreciates them.
55
People with low self-esteem have less ___ views of their partner.
Generous.
56
How do people with high self-esteem deal with potential problems?
By affirming their partner.
57
How do people with low self-esteem deal with potential problems?
They engage in behaviour to reduce closeness and diminish the importance of their partner.
58
Why do people like people who initially disliked them and then came to like them?
The reward is more potent.
59
What kind of gain in another's esteem causes the target to be liked?
When the gain occurs gradually and reversed the earlier criticism.
60
According to Murray's research, who are the happiest couples?
Those who idealised each other.
61
How do happily married couples approach problems?
Not immediately criticising their partners and finding fault.
62
When are we most likely to make accurate evaluations of our partners?
During important relationship decisions, or when deciding how best to predict or control a partner's behaviour.
63
What kind of communication leads to change of unsatisfactory partner behaviour?
Directly communicating dissatisfaction.
64
Mutual attraction flourishes when each partner meets:
The other's unmet needs.
65
Who tested the liking-by-association principle?
Lewicki.
66
Name some things the reward theory helps to explain. (4)
Proximity, liking attractive people, similarity, and mutual liking.
67
Name the three components of Sternberg's triangle.
Passion, intimacy, and commitment.
68
Name some elements of love that are common to all loving relationships. (3)
Mutual understanding, giving and receiving support, and enjoying the loved one's company/
69
Give some characteristics of passionate love. (3)
We express love physically, we expect the relationship to be exclusive, and we are fascinated with our partner.
70
What differences are there in the physical behaviours of a couple who are strongly in love compared to a weaker attachment. (4)
They look into each other's eyes more, nod their heads, smile naturally and lean forwards.
71
Which hormone is associated with romantic feelings?
Adrenaline.
72
Do men or women fall in love more easily?
Men.
73
Men are more likely to fall out of love more ___ and less likely to:
Slowly, break up a premarital romance.
74
Which two hormones trigger male-female bonding?
Vasopressin and oxytocin.
75
Who developed attachment theory?
Bowlby.
76
What three attachment needs do attachment figures fulfill?
Proximity seeking, safe haven, and secure base.
77
What is proximity seeking?
An attachment need characterised by a desire to seek out an attachment figure when threatened or distressed.
78
What is safe haven?
The comfort provided by an attachment figure that makes us feel safe in times of distress.
79
What is secure base?
The encouragement and support we receive from an attachment figure when we are faced with threatening life events and situations.
80
Who do we rely on as attachment figures in adulthood? (2)
Romantic partners and peers.
81
The intense love of parent and infant qualifies as a form of ___ love.
Passionate.
82
What are some similarities in the behaviour of infants and people in love? (4)
They welcome physical affection, feel distress when separated, express affection when reunited and enjoy attention and approval.
83
Attachment style is underpinned by two dimensions:
Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.
84
Which attachment style is the result of a relationship history with an attachment figure who provided inconsistent support in times of stress?
Attachment anxiety.
85
Which attachment style is the result of a relationship history with an attachment figure who consistently rejects or ignores distress?
Attachment avoidance.
86
Individuals high in attachment anxiety demonstrate ___ attachment.
Preoccupied.
87
Individuals low in both attachment anxiety and avoidance demonstrate:
Dismissive attachment.
88
Individuals high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance demonstrate:
Fearful attachment.
89
Give four parts of relationships that attachment style predicts.
Communication, partner support, trust and intimacy.
90
What fuels perceive inequity?
Marital distress.
91
Explain Rogers' growth-promoting listeners.
People who are genuine in revealing their own feelings, accepting of other's feelings, and who are empathetic, sensitive, reflective listeners.
92
What kind of visible support is perceived negatively?
Overly controlling or interfering.
93
Give the four most common communication patterns used by relationship partners when discussing conflict.
Mutual discussion, demand-withdrawal, mutual avoidance, and coercion.
94
How can mutual avoidance be a positive communication strategy? (2)
It allows people to calm down before discussing a problem, and it prevents other negative communication patterns from occurring.
95
According to Rusbult, which three factors determine relationship commitment?
Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size.
96
Name Johnson's three forms of commitment.
Personal, moral and structural commitment.
97
Personal commitment is associated with:
Relationship satisfaction.
98
Moral commitment is associated with:
Increased investment.
99
What are the two costs of moral commitment?
Negative affect and physical health issues.
100
What is the cohabitation effect?
Lower relationship quality and poorer couple functioning compared to married couples.
101
What distinguishes happy cohabiting couples with unhappy ones?
Commitment.
102
The effect of attribution on marital satisfaction is:
Unidirectional.
103
Give some factors that increase the likelihood that people will stay married.
Marrying after 20, growing up in two-parent homes, dated for a long time, are well and similarly educated, enjoy a stable income, live in a small town/on a farm, did not cohabit before marriage, were not pregnant before marriage, religious commitment, and similar age and faith.
104
Rusbult suggested four ways of coping with a failed relationship, name them.
Loyalty, neglect, exit, and voicing concerns.
