Autonomic Physiology

Question 1

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 1

The things we don’t think about
Smooth muscle
Organs

Question 2

What do afferent neurones carry?

Answer 2

Sensory info - going in

Question 3

What do efferent neurones carry?

Answer 3

Motor info - coming out

Question 4

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 4

Voluntary movement

Skeletal muscle

Question 5

What is the term used for the sympathetic NS?

Answer 5

Fight or flight

Question 6

What is the term used for the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 6

Rest and digest

Question 7

What is a group of cell bodies known as?

Answer 7

Ganglion

Question 8

Does the autonomic nervous system ever control skeletal muscle?

Answer 8

No, never

Question 9

Does the somatic NS always excite its target?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

Does the autonomic NS always excite its target?

Answer 10

No

May excite or inhibit

Question 11

What regions of the body do parasympathetic nerves flow to?

Answer 11

Cranio-sacral

Question 12

What regions of the body do the sympathetic nerves flow to?

Answer 12

Thoraco-lumbar

Question 13

Compare the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic NS

Answer 13

Long preganglionic fibres

Short postganglionic fibres

Question 14

Compare the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic NS

Answer 14

Short preganglionic fibres

Long postganglionic fibres

Question 15

From where on the spinal cord do the sympathetic nerves exit?

Answer 15

From T1-L2

Question 16

In the sympathetic nervous system what is the white ramus?

Answer 16

The preganglionic fibre

Question 17

In the sympathetic NS was is the grey ramus?

Answer 17

The postganglionic fibres

Question 18

What receptors does acetylcholine work on?

Answer 18

Cholinergic receptors

Question 19

What receptors does noradrenaline work on?

Answer 19

Adrenergic receptors

Question 20

In the sympathetic NS what does the preganglionic fibres release?

Answer 20

Acetylcholine

Question 21

In the sympathetic NS what does the postganglionic fibres release?

Answer 21

Noradrenaline

Question 22

Where do the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla release adrenaline and noradrenaline and why?

Answer 22

Into the blood

Because they have no axons

Question 23

Where do the parasympathetic nerves exit from the spinal cord?

Answer 23

Some of the cranial nerves

Sacral S2-S4

Question 24

Where does the ganglia lie in the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 24

Close to or within the target

Question 25

In the parasympathetic NS what do the preganglionic fibres release?

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

In the parasympathetic NS what do the postganglionic fibres release?

Answer 26

Acetylcholine

Question 27

What receptors are on the targets in the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 27

Muscarinic

Question 28

There are a group of sympathetic nerves that do not release noradrenaline at the target but what do they release instead?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine again

Question 29

What receptors do acetylcholine work on?

Answer 29

Nicotinic receptors | Muscarinic receptors

Question 30

What receptors does noradrenaline/adrenaline work on?

Answer 30

alpha receptors | Beta receptors

Question 31

What is antagonist action?

Answer 31

When the opposite effects are exerted on the same thing

Question 32

What receptors does the sympathetic system activate on pacemaker cells?

Answer 32

B1

Question 33

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the heart?

Answer 33

Increases heart rate | Increases the strength of contraction

Question 34

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the ciliary muscle?

Answer 34

Activates B2 receptors | Relaxes eye focusing far away

Question 35

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the radial muscle?

Answer 35

A1 receptors activated Muscle relaxes Makes pupils larger

Question 36

What effect does the para system have on the ciliary muscle?

Answer 36

Activates muscarinic receptors Contracts ciliary muscle Eye focuses close up

Question 37

What effect does the para system have on the the sphincter muscle?

Answer 37

Activate muscarinic receptors Contracts sphincter muscle Makes pupils smaller

Question 38

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the heart?

Answer 38

``` Activates B1 receptors On pacemaker cells Increases heart rate On myocytes Increases strength of contraction ```

Question 39

What effect does the para system have on the heart?

Answer 39

Activates muscarinic receptors Acts on pacemaker cells Decreases heart rate

Question 40

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the lungs?

Answer 40

Activates B2 receptors On airway muscle Makes muscle relax and dilates airways

Question 41

What effect does the para system have on the lungs?

Answer 41

Activates muscarinic receptors Makes smooth muscle contract Constricts airways

Question 42

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the blood vessels?

Answer 42

Activates a1 receptors On smooth muscle of vessels contracting them Blood flow decreases Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels Blood flow increases

Question 43

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on blood vessels?

Answer 43

Usually no effect

Question 44

What is tone in blood vessels?

Answer 44

Can turn up or turn down the tone to contract and relax

Question 45

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the gut?

Answer 45

Activates receptors on smooth muscle of gut Decreasing gut motility Activates a receptors in pancreas inhibiting the secretion of enzymes

Question 46

What effect does the para system have on the gut?

Answer 46

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of gut Increasing gut motility Increasing pancreatic secretion

Question 47

What effect does the sympathetic system have on salivary glands?

Answer 47

Activates B receptors | Thick secretion rich in enzymes

Question 48

What effect does the para system have on salivary glands?

Answer 48

Activates muscarinic receptors | Thin waters secretions

Question 49

What effect does the sym system have on the bladder?

Answer 49

Activates B2 receptors relaxing the muscle of the bladder wall Stops urination

Question 50

What effect does the para system have on the bladder?

Answer 50

Activates muscarinic receptors Contracting smooth muscle on bladder wall Relaxing smooth muscle on spinchter causing urination

Question 51

What effect does the sym system have on the reproductive tract?

Answer 51

Activates a1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra | Contracting smooth muscle causing ejaculation

Question 52

What effect does the para system have on the reproductive tract?

Answer 52

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum Relaxes the muscle causing erection

Question 53

What is an antagonist effect?

Answer 53

Two things that exert the opposite effect on the same organ