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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What bone is at number 2

A

cranial bones

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2
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

the skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

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3
Q

what does the head skeleton include?

A
  • the skull (including mandible)
  • bones of middle ear
  • hyoid apparatus
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4
Q

What bone is at number 1?

A

facial bones

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5
Q

explain the facial region

A
  • rostal
  • houses nasal cavities, eyes, nose, tongue, structures of face
  • carry upper dental arcade
  • all paired except vomer
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6
Q

explain the neural region

A
  • caudal
  • houses the cranial cavity (brain case)
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7
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

brachycephalic

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8
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

mesaticephalic

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9
Q

what skull morphology is this?

A

dolichocephalic

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10
Q

what is the pink space?

A

cranial cavity

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11
Q

what is the yellow space

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

what is the green space?

A

the paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

identify this marker

A

calvaria

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14
Q

identify this marker

A
  • cribriform plate
  • forms rostral wall of cranial cavity
  • has tiny holes for passage of the olfactory nerves and blood vessels
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15
Q

what is nasal septum

A

septum that divides nasal cavity into two nasal fossae

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16
Q

what is this spot?

A
  • nasal aperture
  • bony opening into nasal cavity
  • each nasal fossa extends from opening of aperture to the choanae
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17
Q

What is this?

A
  • nasal choanae
  • two bony openings at caudal end of hard palate and septum
  • lead from nasal cavity into single nasopharynx
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18
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces in facial bones (between external and internal layers), used to be spongy bone between compact bone, but spongy bone reabsorbs leaving space

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19
Q

Horse paranasal sinuses

A
  • maxillary sinus is largest - 2 parts (rostral and caudal sinuses with bony septum between)
  • 4 pairs: maxillary, frontal, conchal, sphenopalatine
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20
Q

Ox paranasal sinuses

A
  • front sinus is the largest and extends into horn (cornual diverticulum)
  • single maxillary sinus
  • 6 pairs sinuses: frontal, maxillary, conchal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal
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21
Q

What is the vascular notch?

A
  • notch present in horse, absent in carnivores and small ruminants
  • can palpate pulse
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22
Q

What is at 1?

A

coronoid process

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23
Q

What is at 2?

A

condylar process

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24
Q

What is at 3?

A
  • angular process
  • only in dogs/cats
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25
What is at 4?
- ramus
26
What is at 5?
- mental foramina
27
What is at 6?
- mandibular symphysis (joint) - cartilage not fusion
28
What is at 7?
- body of mandible
29
What is the hyoid apparatus?
- a series of connected bones that suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull in intermandibular space - articulates at the myeloid process
30
Lingual process
- projection of basihyoid bone into the tongue - absent in carnivores - long in horse - short in ox
31
What is this structure and relevance?
- zygomatic arch - palpable structure (widest part of skull) - bridge between facial and neurocranial regions
32
What is number 1?
nasal bone
33
What is at number 3?
nasoincisive notch
34
What is at number 5?
infraorbital foramen
35
What is at number 2?
incisive bone
36
What animal does this skull belong to?
horse
37
What is the arrow pointing too and why is it significant?
- facial crest is a ridge on lateral surface of face, only present in horse can be used as landmark (along with nasoincisive notch) to find infraorbital foramen
38
What is at the astrik?
- facial tuberosity, in ruminants - only rostral part from horse present
39
Orbit
- funnel shaped region that houses the eye - rim is complete in horse and ruminants - rim is incomplete in dog/cat has an orbital ligament to complete it
40
What is the red shaded region?
- pterygopalatine fossa - a depression caudoventral to the orbit (also continuous with it) - has many foramina for vessels/nerves - filled by pterygoid muscles - medial to zygomatic arch and mandible
41
What is the arrow pointing to?
- external acoustic meatus - osseous opening into the tympanic bulla - in intact state closed by tympanic membrane (eardrum) - borders give attachment for cartilage of the ear canal
42
What does the arrow point at?
- located caudodorsal to the external acoustic meatus - an attachment site for muscles - hyoid apparatus articulates with
43
What does the arrow point at?
- cornual process - direct continuation of front bones caudally - supports the horn -
44
What is at number 6?
- external sagittal crest - median crest along caudal skull in dog and horse (not ruminants)
45
What does the arrow point to?
- nuchal crest
46
What is at number 1?
external sagittal crest
47
What is at number 2?
- temporal fossa - houses temporalis muscle
48
What are the purple lines (#3)?
- temporal lines - converge to form ex. sagittal crest - boundaries of fossa
49
What is the line?
- temporal line of the ox which is more lateral due to the enlarged frontal bone present in ruminants - a landmark for nerve block (cornual nerve) used in dehorning
50
What is the shaded yellow region?
- forms roof of oral cavity - separates oral and nasal cavities
51
What are the shaded pink regions?
- tympanic bulla of a dog - a bony vesicle houses middle ear - may be entered for drainage
52
What is at marker 1?
- septum bullae - present in cats: divides the bulla into 2 unequal compartments - clinically important because if need to drain inner ear will have to break septum
53
What is at number 2?
sympathetic nerves
54
What is at number 3?
- external acoustic meatus
55
What is the left image pointing out?
- enlarged size of tympanic bulla in cats
56
What do the pink arrows point to?
- nuchal crest - transverse ridge at transition from dorsal to caudal skull
57
What does the astrik point to?
- external occipital protuberance - most caudodorsal aspect of skull - palpable landmark for CSF taps in dogs
58
What does the left pink arrow point at?
- occipital condyle - articulates with atlas
59
What does the right pink arrow point at?
- foramen magnum - opening for spinal cord
60
Discuss the infraorbital foramen
- rostral openting to infraorbital canal - location for dental block - infraorbital (VAN) vein, artery, nerve pass through
61
Explain sutures
- special type of fibrous joint - present only between bones of skull in fetus and young animals
62
What is gomphosis?
- implantation of teeth in their alveoli by periodontal ligaments - do not ossify by age - is the only joint between bone and non bone (teeth)
63
Name a fibrocartilaginous joint of the skull
mandibular symphysis
64
Cartilaginous joint of skull
- joint of hyoid apparatus with the skull (mastoid process)
65
synovial joints of the skull
- articulate of the hyoid apparatus with the larynx - TMJ (tempromandibular joint) - atlanto-occipital articulation
66
Vertebral formula of dog and cat
- C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-23
67
Vertebral formula of the horse
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21
68
Vertebral formula of cow/bull
- C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20
69
Vertebral formula of sheep and goat
- C7 T13 L6,7 S4 Cd16-18
70
Structure of typical vertebra
- cranial extremity is convex - caudal extremity is concave (caves in)
71
What is at marker 1?
- spinous process
72
What is at number 2?
cranial articular process (2)
73
What is at number 3?
transverse process (TP) (paired laterally)
74
What is at number 4?
caudal articular process (2)
75
What is at number 5?
ventral crest
76
What is at number 6?
vertebral body (extends cranially)
77
What is at number 7?
vertebral foramen
78
What is at 8?
vertebral arch - contains 2 halves each with a pedicle and a lamina
79
What is at number 9?
lamina
80
What is at number 10?
pedicle
81
Vertebral foramina
house the vertebral canal containing spinal cord
82
Intervertebral foramina
- Formed by cranial and caudal vertebral notches in arches of adjacent vertebrae - transmits spinal nerves and vessels
83
lateral vertebral foramina
- enclosure of a vertebral notch - coming from an invertebral foramen that has spurs of bone formation extending from dorsal and ventral - in horse T11, T15, T16 may have fully formed lat vert foramina
84
What is a transational vertebra?
- a vertebra located between two adjacent vertebral regions (ie. cervical and thoracic) that contains morphological features from both regions - "hybrid" - ex: C7 has long spinous process like the thoracic but is still cervical
85
discuss cervical vertebrae
- 7 in most mammals, do not reach topline of neck (located in middle) - all have transverse foramina (transverse canal for VAN), except C7
86
Describe the atlas
- named because it supports the "globe" aka head - articulates with occipital condyles forming atlanto-occipital joint - no spinous process - does not have intervertebral foramen, has lateral vertebral for. for 1st cervical spine nerve - alar for. in dogs and cats - transverse processes modified into wings
87
What is at number 1?
- lateral vertebral foramen (dog)
88
What is at number 3?
- wing (dog)
89
Describe C2 (axis)
- longest body of vertebrae - large ridge like spinous process - dens (odontoid process) forms a pivot for atlantoaxial articulation
90
What is at 3?
dens
91
what is at 5?
spinous process of axis (c2)
92
What is at 8?
transverse foramen of axis (C2)
93
What is at 7?
- transverse process of axis (c2)
94
C3, C4, and C5
- large ridge like spinous process - long body
95
C6
- large transverse processes (ventral projections) - landmark in surgery and x-ray
96
C7
- transitional vertebra - higher spinous process - no transverse foramen - costal facets on caudal surface for 1st rib
97
describe thoracic vertebrae
- each articulate with pair of ribs - short body and transverse processes - 6 costal fovae (facets) - body has 4: 2 cranial and 2 caudal (articulate with heads) - transverse processes have 2 costal facets (articulate with tubercles)
98
What kind of vertebra and number 1?
thoracic - spinous process
99
Vertebra and number 3?
thoracic - transverse process with costal fovea
100
vertebra and 6&7?
thoracic - costal fovea
101
Explain the withers
- in the horse dorsal spinous processes are elongated (form withers)
102
anticlinal vertebra
- vertebra at which angle of spinous process changes - dogs T11 - horse T15 or T16
103
what is kissing spines?
- in horses overcrowding and impingement of DSPs --> back pain - treat with anti-inflammatories, acupuncture, or removal of spinous processes
104
explain how ribs attach
- the head and tubercle of rib articulate with costal fovea of thoracic vertebrae - tubercle articulates with transverse process - head articulates with costal facets - rib gets number from its caudal vertebra
105
Ribs
- 13 pairs ribs (carnivores and ruminants), 12 ICS - 18 pairs ribs equine, 17 ICS - sternal ribs (true) 1-9 - asternal ribs (false) 10-12 - floating ribs (dog only) 13

Normal Animal (22 decks)

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