B1 and B2 - Cell Structure and Transport

Question 1

1000μm = _mm

Answer 1

1mm

Question 2

Magnification =

Answer 2

Image Size / Real Size

Question 3

Advantages of Light Microscope

Answer 3

Allows us to see it in color

Question 4

Advantage of Electron Microscope

Answer 4

High Magnification/Resolution

Question 5

What is “Differentiation”?

Answer 5

When a cell becomes specialised, uses Protein to change its shape and function like the cells in its area

Question 6

What are “Chromosomes”?

Answer 6

• Contains DNA
• Located In Nucleus
• Forms Characteristics
• Each Person has 23 pairs of Chromosomes

Question 7

What happens in the “Cell Cycle”

Answer 7

• Cell grows and creates more Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria
• Mitosis occurs, half of its structure goes to either end
• Cell splits into two creating 2 new cells, identical to the original

Question 8

What are “Stem Cells”?

Answer 8

Undifferentiated cells which can differentiate into other cells, found in Bone Marrow, can be reproduced through Cell Division

Question 9

What is “Diffusion”?

Answer 9

Particles from High to Low Concentration

Question 10

What is “Osmosis”

Answer 10

Movement of water molecules in Permeable Membrane from High to Low Water Concentration

Question 11

What is “Active Transport”

Answer 11

Movement of particles against the “Concentration Gradient” (Low to High Concentration).

Question 12

Explain Surface Area:Volume Ratio

Answer 12

The lower the Volume the Greater the Surface Area is

Volume = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1cm3 (L x B x H)
Surface Area = 1 x 1 x 6 = 6cm3 (B x H x Sides)

Question 13

Alveoli adaptation to quick diffusion

Answer 13

• Thin Walls
• Large Surface Area
• Good Blood Supply

Question 14

What cells do both Plant and Animal Cells have?

Answer 14

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes

Question 15

What cells do ONLY Plant Cells have?

Answer 15

• Cell Wall
• Permanent Vacuole
• Chloroplast

Question 16

What are “Eukaryotic Cells”?

Answer 16

Complex Cells: Plant, Animal Cells

They all have Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and genetic material in the Nucleus

Question 17

What are “Prokaryotic Cells”?

Answer 17

Simpler Cells: Fungi Bacteria
Single Cell Organisms
Enclosed in a Cell Wall
Chromosomes float within the Cell Wall, not in Nucleus
May contain Plasmids

Question 18

What is the “Nucleus”?

Answer 18

Stores DNA

Question 19

What is the “Cell Wall”?

Answer 19

Keeps shape of the Cell, made out of Cellulose

Question 20

What is “Cytoplasm”?

Answer 20

Allows chemical reactions to take place

Question 21

What is “Mitochondria”?

Answer 21

Area of Respiration

Question 22

What is “Ribosomes”?

Answer 22

Area of Proteinsynthesis

Question 23

What is the “Cell Membrane”?

Answer 23

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 24

What is the “Vacuole”?

Answer 24

• Contains weak sugar/salt solutions

- Keeps the cell Turgid

Question 25

Disadvantage of Electron Microscope

Answer 25

Can only be seen in Monochrome

Question 26

Disadvantage of Light Microscope

Answer 26

Low Resolution/Magnificaiton

Question 27

Examples of Specialised Cells

Answer 27

- Sperm Cells have a tail and Mitochondria in order to swim | - Root Hair Cells have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals

Question 28

Advantages of "Stem Cells"?

Answer 28

- Curing diseases, replace faulty cells | - Cloning, making an embryo have same genetic information as someone

Question 29

Disadvantages of "Stem Cells"?

Answer 29

- Stems cells can be contaminated and make the person feel sick - Cloning seems "inhumane" as the embryo did not give consent for being cloned

Question 30

Which type of cell is DNA found in?

Answer 30

Eukaryotic Cells

Question 31

Which Cell in a plant is Specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

Answer 31

Root Hair Cells

Question 32

How does differentiation differ between a plant and animal cell?

Answer 32

Differentiation is lost in Animals at an early stage, plants can differentiate for a long time

Question 33

Where can Stem Cells be found?

Answer 33

In the bone marrow

Question 34

How does concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 34

The bigger the concentraion gradient, the quicker the rate of diffusion is

Question 35

Why wouldnt Osmosis occur if you boil something in water?

Answer 35

Because the Cell Membrane will be damaged and will no longer be able to peform diffusion

Question 36

Features of a Microscope

Answer 36

Eyepiece - What you look through, has a magnification of 10x Objective Lenses - A collection of Lenses with different magnification, on top of the eyepiece Stage - Table for the object Slide - Keeps object in place -Focus Knob - Focuses on magnified object

Question 37

How to find magnification on a microscope (no formula)

Answer 37

10 x Magnification of Objective Lenses

Question 38

What is a Plant Cell Wall made off?

Answer 38

It's made out of Cellulose

Question 39

1mm to um

Answer 39

x1000

Question 40

Plant Cell Features

Answer 40

- Eukaryotes - Have Chloroplast to carry out Photosynthesis - Have Vacuole, Cell wall

Question 41

Bacterial Cell Features

Answer 41

- Haploid, 23 single Chromosomes - Prokaryotes - Don't have Mitochondria, energy not required - Some have Plasmids - Smaller than Plant Cells

Question 42

Medical Advantages of Stem Cells

Answer 42

- Can be injected into the body to differentiate into the cells in the area

Question 43

Medical Disadvantages of Stem Cells

Answer 43

- Patients body can reject them - Inhumane, killing embryos - Stem Cells take a long time to create - Shortage of Egg Donors

Question 44

Sperm Cells

Answer 44

- Specialised for reproduction - Tail for movement, Flagellum - Mitochondria supply for Respiration - Nucleus with genetic information, Haploid - Streamlines, thin

Question 45

Nerve Cells

Answer 45

- Specialised for nerve impulses - Axon (long strand of them) carry nerve impulses - Dendrites to reach other cells to give of impulses

Question 46

Muscle Cells

Answer 46

- Specialised for Contraction/Relaxation - Special Protein to allow tissue to slide over each other - Store Glycogen, broken down in respiration by Mitochondria

Question 47

MRS GREN

Answer 47

Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition

Question 48

Meristems

Answer 48

- Makes an area of unspecialized cells specialized to continue plant growth

Question 49

Differentiation in Animals

Answer 49

Occurs in early development, stops creating Stem Cells after a while

Question 50

Differentiation in Plant

Answer 50

Can use Stem Cells at anytime when matured

Question 51

Xylem Function and Adaptation

Answer 51

- Brings water and minerals around a leaf | - Has hollow tubes for water to pass through them, around the leaf

Question 52

Phloem Function and Adaptation

Answer 52

- Transports Glucose around the leaf | - Sieve tubes to transport them

Question 53

Enzymes

Answer 53

Catalysts made of Protein to speed up chemical reactions

Question 54

1mm = ____ nm

Answer 54

1000000nm

Question 55

Define Magnification

Answer 55

How many times bigger the image size of an object is compared to the real size of it

Question 56

2 types of Stem Cells

Answer 56

- Adult Stem Cells, reproduce and specialize into other cells - Embryonic Stem Cells, cells in an embryo which can be specialized, also become Adult Stem Cells at a later age