B3 W1

Question 1

Cells between the villi that secretes antimicrobial enzymes

Answer 1

Paneth cells

Question 2

Individual variation to drug is greater than Cp variation at that dose

Answer 2

Target concentration strategy

Question 3

Released in response to fatty food to inhibit gastric secretion and stimulate biacarbonate secretion

Answer 3

CCK

Question 4

Acetylcholine effect on the stomach

Answer 4

Binds to M3 receptors to increase Ca2+ signalling to activate the H+/k+ ATPase pump and increase gastric acid secretion

Question 5

Epithelial cell which releases HCL and intrinsic factor

Answer 5

Oxyntic cells

Question 6

Which folds form the posterior region of the mouth?

Answer 6

Palatoglossal folds

Question 7

In response to glucose in the duodenum, stimulates release of insulin

Answer 7

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 8

What medication is used to replaces lost prostaglandins?

Answer 8

Misoprostol

Question 9

Which nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 tongue?

Answer 9

Lingual nerve

Question 10

Which nerve supplies the extrinsic muscles?

Answer 10

Hypoglossal

Question 11

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 11

Mandibular nerve

Question 12

What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 12

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 13

Gastrin effects

Answer 13

Binds to CCK2 receptors on parietal cells to activate phospholipase C. This induces release of calcium for singlaling to activate the H+/K+ ATPase pump

Question 14

Which part of the duodenum has the gastroduodenal artery and posteriorly common bile duct?

Answer 14

Superior

Question 15

Which gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 15

Chief cells

Question 16

Which part of the duodenum has the Hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater?

Answer 16

Descending

Question 17

Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and the neck of the mandible?

Answer 17

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Question 18

Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and mandibular ramus?

Answer 18

Medial pterygoid

Question 19

Which part of the duodenum has the duodenojejunal flexure?

Answer 19

Ascending

Question 20

Salivary glands with mixed secretions

Answer 20

Submandibular and sublingual nerve

Question 21

Alveolar nerve

Answer 21

Splits into a superior and inferior branch to supply the lower teeth

Question 22

Muscles which change the shape of the tongue

Answer 22

Intrinsic muscles

Question 23

Muscles which connect the tongue to the skull for movement

Answer 23

Extrinsic muscles

Question 24

Upper oesophageal sphincter

Answer 24

Formed of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and cricopharyngeus muscle- controls the passage of food.

Question 25

Lower oesophageal sphincter

Answer 25

At the gastro-oesophageal sphincter which passes through the right diaphragmatic crus. It is reinforced by the tracheal bifurcation and stomach cardia

Question 26

Regions of the stomach

Answer 26

Cardiac, fundus, pylorum and body

Question 27

Common bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla meet the duodenum in....

Answer 27

Descending duodenum. Contains bile and lipase to break down lipids, protease and amylase

Question 28

Which enzymes does the pancreas release?

Answer 28

Protease, amylase and lipase

Question 29

Which enzymes does the salivary secretions contain?

Answer 29

Amylase and lysosyme

Question 30

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 30

Chief cells- pepisnogen is cleaved by gastric acid into pepsin

Question 31

Trypsinogen

Answer 31

Synthesised in the pancreas and released into the descending duodenum at the ampulla of Vater with chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved by enteropeptidase and acivates protease precursors.

Question 32

Enteropeptidase/enterokinase

Answer 32

Synthesised by duodenal intestinal mucosa and cleaves trypsinogen into-> active trypsin

Question 33

What are dextrins?

Answer 33

Oligosaccharides present in carbohydrate rich foods containing 1,6 glycosidic bonds. These are digested by alpha dextrinase.

Question 34

Enzyme which breaks down starch

Answer 34

Amylase and alpha dextrinase

Question 35

Difference between amylase and alpha dextrinase

Answer 35

Amylase is produced by the pancreas and cleaves the 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Alpha- Dextrinase is produced from brush border enzymes and cleaves the 1,6 glycosidic bonds in dextrins

Question 36

End products of alpha dextrinase

Answer 36

Brush border enzyme which brekas down glucose units from starch into glucose, fructose and galactose, working alongside the alpha-glucorinadase enzymes maltase, sucrase and lactase.

Question 37

Alpha glucosidase enzymes

Answer 37

Maltase, sucrase and lactase, synthesised in the brush border of small intestine

Question 38

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 38

Digests starch into maltose

Question 39

Aminopeptidases

Answer 39

Proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the small intestine which remove amino acids from the end of a protein

Question 40

What inhibits gastric acid secretion?

Answer 40

Stomach distention, somatostatin, secretin, serotonin, cholecystokinin

Question 41

Mucus secreting cells in the small intestine

Answer 41

Goblet cells

Question 42

Benefits of non-starch polysaccharides

Answer 42

Adsorb bile and cholesterol, increase gut viscosity and provide bacterial fermentation

Question 43

The way drugs reach different parts of the body

Answer 43

Distribution

Question 44

What property of a drug decreases Cmax but increases duration of action?

Answer 44

Slow absoprtion

Question 45

Target concentration

Answer 45

Individual variation is greater than Cp at a given dose

Question 46

Volume of distribution

Answer 46

Theoretical body volume a drug would occupy in the body to be equal to Cp. Low Vd means Body volume < Cp

Question 47

What affects volume of distribution?

Answer 47

Decreases if drug is ionised because it is restricted to plasma. Equal if drug is lipophilic

Question 48

Synthetic prostaglandin

Answer 48

Misoprostol

Question 49

Number of permanent adult teeth

Answer 49

32

Question 50

Cephalic phase

Answer 50

Vagus nerve for detection of food via sight and smell and gastric acid is secreted in preparation

Question 51

Intestinal phase

Answer 51

Chyme enters duodenum

Question 52

Where does the parotid duct open?

Answer 52

Upper 2nd molar

Question 53

Ligament of Treitz

Answer 53

Stabilises the duodenojejunal flexure

Question 54

Acini

Answer 54

Secretory cells around ducts which release proteins and enzymes

Question 55

Functional unit of pancreas

Answer 55

Acinar

Question 56

Stomach cells which release hormones

Answer 56

Enteroendocrine cells- secretes somatostatin, secretin, histamine

Question 57

Which cell secretes histamine?

Answer 57

Enterochromaffin-like cells. These are a type of enteroendocrine cell.

Question 58

Retropulsion

Answer 58

Food in the stomach is too large to enter the pylorum and propelled back into the body of the stomach

Question 59

Transports glucose into cells

Answer 59

Sodium glucose transporter, against conc gradinet using ATP

Question 60

Weak base

Answer 60

Higher amounts when pH-pKA is more positive

Question 61

Weak acid

Answer 61

Higher amounts when pH-pKa is more negative