B4 W1

Question 1

B12 and folate sources

Answer 1

Meat, salmon, eggs, soy

Question 2

Phagocytic cells of the CNS

Answer 2

Microglia

Question 3

MCH

Answer 3

Mean corpuscular Hb

Question 4

Which progenitor gives rise to neutrophils?

Answer 4

Myeloid

Question 4

Which progenitor gives rise to neutrophils?

Answer 4

Myeloid

Question 5

Anaemia due to bone marrow change

Answer 5

Infection, cancer, autoimmune disease, pregnancy, drugs and renal failure

Question 6

What transports B12 in enterocytes?

Answer 6

Transcobalamin II protein and takes it to the plasma

Question 7

Least common blood type

Answer 7

AB-

Question 8

WBC with lifespan of 14 days

Answer 8

NK cells

Question 9

What reduces iron absorption?

Answer 9

Tea and coffee, Proton pump inhibitors and antacids

Question 10

How is bilirubin metabolised?

Answer 10

Into urobilinogen to be excreted by intestinal bacteria

Question 11

Lectin pathway

Answer 11

Mannose binds to pathogen via lectin enzyme and induces complement activation

Question 12

Schistocytes

Answer 12

Fragmented RBC with different shapes, found in areas with a central pallor. Indicator of haemolytic anaemia

Question 13

Schistocytes

Answer 13

Fragmented part of RBC with different shapes.

Question 14

Number of allelic variants for ABO

Answer 14

3

Question 15

Which WBC are mononuclear?

Answer 15

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 16

How is iron from animal diet source absorbed?

Answer 16

In the duodenum and jejunum as haem iron. It is taken in via endocytosis and released into enterocyte by haem oxidase

Question 17

Cells which contribute to tissue and blood cell development.

Answer 17

Stromal cells in the bone marrow

Question 18

Stromal cells

Answer 18

Specifically in the bone marrow, give rise to bone, cartilage, adipocytes and contribute to sustained proliferation and self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells

Question 19

Difference between stromal cell and stem cell?

Answer 19

Stem cell is originated from mesenchyme. Stromal cell is a non-haematopoetic mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow.

Question 20

Why does haematopoeisis not occur in adult long bones?

Answer 20

Fat deposition

Question 21

What is glossitis an indication for?

Answer 21

B12 and folate deficiency and iron

Question 22

What is a lymphatic trunk?

Answer 22

Lymph vessel formed from the convergence of efferent lymph vessels. It includes lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal

Question 23

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 23

RBC, WBC and platelets

Question 24

How much of formed elements of blood do RBC make up?

Answer 24

99%

Question 25

Substance on surface of RBC which induces antibody formation

Answer 25

Isoagglutinogen

Question 26

What are the carriers of A and B antigens on RBC?

Answer 26

N-glycosylated glycoproteins, anion exchanger and Glut-2 transporter

Question 27

What substance allows B12 to be absorbed?

Answer 27

Intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells, absorption occurs in the terminal ileum.

Question 28

Complement pathway initiated by antibody-antigen complex

Answer 28

Classical pathway

Question 29

How does an antibody interact with secondary lymphoid tissue?

Answer 29

Antigen interacts with cells in the follicle. This causes cells in the Germinal centre to divide

Question 30

Polychromasia

Answer 30

Disorder with high number of immature RBC

Question 31

Main storage site for folic acid

Answer 31

Liver

Question 32

When does the liver release folate?

Answer 32

To maintain plasma folate levels. Released with bile

Question 33

What is the recessive allele in the ABO blood group?

Answer 33

i

Question 34

Condition where only RBC are affected

Answer 34

Pure red cell aplasia

Question 35

Indication of haemolytic anaemia

Answer 35

Dark urine, splenomegaly, jaundice, heart murmur, schistocyte count is high

Question 36

Types of pure red cell aplasia

Answer 36

Primary which is congenital and secondary caused by drug or infection

Question 37

How do erythrocytes form?

Answer 37

Differentiates -> haemoglobin accumulation -> ribosome synthesis -> nuclear ejection Pro-erythroblast -> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

Question 38

Diamond Black Fan anaemia

Answer 38

Congenital Pure red cell aplasia with reduced erythroblast production

Question 39

Cortex

Answer 39

Area of thymus containing large numbers of T cells and dendritic cells

Question 40

Normocytic anaemia

Answer 40

Haemolytic anaemia, bone marrow disorder, hypersplenism, chronic disease anaemia

Question 41

Cytokine produced by cytoxic T cells which prevents macrophages leaving the site of infection

Answer 41

Macrophage migration inhibiting factor

Question 42

Stem cell gives rise to megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages

Answer 42

Common myeloid progenitor

Question 43

What causes B12 or folate deficiency?

Answer 43

Malnutrition, malabsorption, pernicious anaemia, pancreatitis, antacids

Question 44

What is the site of T cell death?

Answer 44

Thymic corpsucles composed of epithelial cells in concentric layers of flat cells

Question 45

How is the porphyrin ring degraded?

Answer 45

By haem oxygenase Into green biliverdin. This is catalysed by biliverdin reductase -> bilirubin.

Question 46

How does an erythroblast become a normoblast?

Answer 46

Haemoglobin accumulation

Question 47

What part of the spleen contains lymphocytes?

Answer 47

White pulp

Question 48

What are the components of the innate immune system?

Answer 48

NK cells, dendritic cells, phagocytic leukocytes, epithelial cell barriers

Question 49

Which granulocyte stains bright red by eosin?

Answer 49

Eosinophils

Question 50

Iron rich granules formed when there is failure of iron incorporation, when iron is not deficient

Answer 50

Sideroblasts

Question 51

Interferon

Answer 51

Produced by virally infected cells to inhibits viral replication and cell division. Activates NK cells

Question 52

Pancytopenia

Answer 52

Issue with haematopoietic stem cell. Condition affecting RBC, WBC and platelet production

Question 53

Cytokine produced by macrophage which causes neutrophil and macrophage accumulation

Answer 53

TNF- Tumour necrosis factor. Blockade can cause reactivation of TB and increased secondary infection

Question 54

Kinins

Answer 54

Polypeptides formed from inactive precursors. Induce vasodilation and increase permeability.

Question 55

Site where T cells mature

Answer 55

Thymus

Question 56

What is the composition of the red pulp?

Answer 56

Granulocytes, platelets, plasma and RBC. It is a large resorvoir for monocytes

Question 57

What does white pulp contain?

Answer 57

Mainly lymphocytes

Question 58

Leukotrienes

Answer 58

Substance produced by basophils and mast cells to increase permeability and attract phagocytes

Question 59

Microcytic anaemia

Answer 59

TAILS T: thalasemia A: autoimmune disease I: Iron deficiency, L: lead poisoning S: sideroblastic anaemia

Question 60

A antigen

Answer 60

N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 61

Which cells transfer antigens to lymphocytes on Peyer's patches?

Answer 61

Microfold cells

Question 62

Myeloblast

Answer 62

Gives rise to the granulocytes

Question 63

What stimulates phagocyte migration and intensifies histamine and kinin effect?

Answer 63

Prostaglandins

Question 64

Chemotactic pathogenic agent produced by basophils and mast cells

Answer 64

Leukotrienes

Question 65

Mononuclear phagocytic system

Answer 65

System of phagocytic cells in the reticular connective tissue

Question 66

Macrocytic anaemia causes unrelated to B12 and folate

Answer 66

Liver disease, reticulocytosis and hypothyroidism

Question 67

Complement system activated by antibody binding to antigen

Answer 67

Classical pathway

Question 68

A antigen

Answer 68

N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferse which transfers N-acetylgalactoseamine from UDP-Nacetylgalactosemaine to H antigen fucosylated galactosyl residue

Question 69

Cell where erythropoeisis begins

Answer 69

Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell

Question 70

EPO stages

Answer 70

Riboome synthesis -> Hb accumulation -> nuclear ejection

Question 71

EPO synthesis

Answer 71

Juxtatubular intestitial cells detect o2 levels via oxygen dependent prolyl hydroxylase which regulates stability of HIF

Question 72

Receptors in macrophage membrane

Answer 72

TLR- Toll like receptor

Question 73

Phagocytes of kidney

Answer 73

Intraglomerular mesanglial cells

Question 74

Formation of blood cells

Answer 74

Haematopoesis

Question 75

Phagocytic cell of CNS

Answer 75

Microglia

Question 76

Protein which protects B12 from stomach acid

Answer 76

Transcobalamin I in the saliva.

Question 77

Porphyrin ring metabolised and excreted in faeces

Answer 77

Porphyrin is metabolised to biliverdin-> bilirubin-> urobilinogen -> stercobilin

Question 78

EPO transcription factor

Answer 78

HIF- hypoxia inducible factor

Question 79

Closed tubes which drain fluid from tissues and respond to fluid pressure. Consist of endothelial cells

Answer 79

Lymph capillaries

Question 80

Adult haematopoeisis

Answer 80

Flat bones such as pelvis, cranium, vertebrae and sternum

Question 81

Universal recipient

Answer 81

AB+

Question 82

Stem cells which form the granulocytes

Answer 82

Myeloblast

Question 83

RBC with nuclear fragments

Answer 83

Howell-Jolly bodies

Question 84

Macrophages of lymph nodes

Answer 84

Sinus histocytes

Question 85

Least common blood type

Answer 85

AB-

Question 86

Not enough Hb is produced

Answer 86

Thalassemia

Question 87

Agranulocyte

Answer 87

Lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 88

Follicle

Answer 88

Aggregation of B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

Question 89

Reticulocytosis

Answer 89

High reticulocyte count- indication of high RBC count, related to macrocytic anaemia