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B5 W1 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Mater with squamous and cuboidal cells

A

Pia mater-it is highly vascularised and supplies oxygen to the spinal cord and has membrane extensions called the denticulate ligaments

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2
Q

Membranous extension of the pia mater

A

Denticulate ligament which articulates with the arachnoid mater and the dura mater to protect the spinal cord from sudden displacement

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3
Q

Bone morphogenic proteins

A

Secreted by the overlying ectoderm to induce alar plate to develop sensory neurons

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4
Q

Midbrain and cerebral aqueducts are derived from…

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

Renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, premature Vitamin D/thyroid gland

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6
Q

Mantle zone

A

Zone which makes up future grey matter, with neuroblasts surrounding the neuroepithelia

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7
Q

Sensory branch of spinal nerve

A

Dorsal root

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8
Q

During bone remodelling, which bone types are replaced?

A

Compact bone replaces spongy bone at the peripheries

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9
Q

Zone of the epiphyseal plate with dead, calcified chondrocytes

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

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10
Q

Zone in epiphyseal plate with scattered chondrocytes

A

Zone of resting cartilage

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11
Q

Connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

Reactive phase

A

Early inflammatory phase where haematoma forms and phagocytes and osteoclasts remove damaged tissue

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13
Q

Division of the nervous system for the special senses

A

Sensory division of the somatic nervous system

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Arch 3

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15
Q

Axons/collection of nerve fibres in CNS

A

White matter

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16
Q

Axons/ collection of nerve fibres in PNS

A

Nerves

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17
Q

Collection of axons in CNS

A

Tracts

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18
Q

Collections of axons in the PNS

A

Fasiculi

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19
Q

Opening in bone which allows blood and lymphatic vessels to pass through

A

Haversian canal

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20
Q

Hormone released to lower calcium levels in response to high calcium plasma

A

Calcitonin- from parafollicular c cells of the thyroid gland

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21
Q

Unit of bone with lamallae in concentric circles around Haversian canal

A

Osteon

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22
Q

Cranial nerve innervating pharyngeal arch 4 and 6?

A

Vagus nerve

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23
Q

Mesoderm area which is required for pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of limb

A

Zone of polarising activity

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24
Q

1, 25 (OH)2 D3

A

Increases osteolysis and osteoclast formation, Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine.

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25
Formation of a fibrocartilage callus
Reparative phase
26
Patient moves with short, accelerating steps on tip toe, with flexed trunk
Parkinsonian gait
27
Mixed cranial nerve
Trigeminal, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, vagus
28
Osteomalacia causes
Softening of the bone- Anticonvulsants which cause malabsorption, Calcium/vitamin D deficiency, malnutrition
29
Limb-bud organising region
Apical limb bud
30
Intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal tissue is condensed into bone which forms the flat bones like the scapula and cranium
31
How is the trabeculae thickened?
Subperiosteal and endosteal proliferation. Cell growth from deep periosteum with collar of active tissue encircling the site
32
Growth in thickness on peripheral surface
Appositional growth
33
Becomes motor neuron and ventral horn
Basal plate
34
Parathyroid hormone related protein
Regulates chondrocyte proliferation and causes excess calcium in blood by acting as endogenous PTH
35
Patterning genes for vertebrae
Hox genes
36
Primary bone in both embryological development and the first temporary bone to be laid in fracture reapir
Woven bone
37
Cranial nerve innervating Pharyngeal Arch 2
Facial nerve
38
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
to increase osteolysis Response to hypocalcemia
39
Pharyngeal pouch forming thyroid gland and thymus
3rd pharyngeal pouch
40
Protein synthesis in neuronal cell bodies
Nissl bodies- clusters of RER
41
Precursor of Vitamin D in the skin
7-dehydrocholesterol later converted to Vitamin D3
42
Marginal zone
Future white matter zone with neuroblast axons projections
43
Spinal cord dervies from...
Neural tube
44
Osteoclasts are derived from...
Monocytes
45
Arises from the spinal cord and converges to form roots and then the ganglia
Rootlets
46
Ectodermal placodes- thickening of the ectoderm
Cranial sensory neurons, olfactory epithelia and eye lens and epithelia
47
Motor cranial nerves
Oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, accessory and hypoglossal nerve
48
Pharyngeal pouch which forms the parathyroid glands and C cells
4th pharyngeal pouch
49
Metencephalon
Superior 4th ventricle and Pons and cerebellum
50
High stepping gait
Neuropathic gait
51
Transmit blood from the periosteum to the Haversian canals
Volsmann's
52
Gives rise to neurones and glia, somatic ganglia and sensory neurons, suprarenal and chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia
Neural crest cells
53
Neural crest cells
Pia and arachnoid mater, schwann cells, skeletal and connective tissue components of pharyngeal arch
54
Site of 1-hydroxylation
Kidney
55
Site of 25-hydroxylation
Liver
56
Regulates serum phosphate levels
Parathyroid hormone released by chief cells of parathyroid gland in response to low calcium levels
57
Mater formed of dense irregular connective tissue
Dura mater- continuous with epineurium
58
Pharyngeal arch for the laryngeal cartilage eg cuneiform
4th pharyngeal arch
59
Pharyngeal pouch for palatine tonsil lining
2nd
60
Becomes the nucleus pulposus
Notochord
61
Layer of hyaline cartilage which allows the bone to elongate
Epiphyseal growth plate
62
Neural plate
Gives rise to the CNS, somatic motor nuclei and the pre-ganglionic autonomic nerves
63
Hyaline cartilage is replaced by osteoblasts
Endochondral ossification
64
Pharyngeal arch for hyoid
3rd pharyngeal arch
65
Netrin
Chemoattractant in development for decassation of pain and sensory neuron
66
Gait with hip dislocation or paralysis
Trendenleburg gait
67
Becomes dorsal horn
Alar plate
68
Canals which connect lacunae
Canaliculi
69
Muscles of mastication, maxillary and mandibular prominence and neck muscle
1st pharyngeal arch
70
Primary hyperthyroidism
Endocrine disease which causes hypercalcemia and leads to bone erosion and kidney stones
71
Bone of the adult skeleton
Lamellar bone
72
Telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles
73
Found in the subarachnoid space as shock absorber
Cerebrospinal fluid
74
Lipofuscin in the soma
Yellow-brown pigment in lysosymes of cardiac myocytes and neurons
75
Supports bundles of bony fibres in cancellous bone
Trabeculae bone
76
Progenitor of osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells found in canals and periosteum
77
Zone which forms pluripotent neuroepithelial cells such as neuroblasts
Matrix zone
78
Cells in CNS which produce myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes
79
Cells in PNS which produce myelin sheath
Schwann cells
80
Myencephalon
Inferior 4th ventricle and medulla
81
Hypercalcemia causes
Hypertyhroidism, hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, less excercise/immobility
82
Notochord derviative
Mesoderm
83
Decreased femoral neck
Coxa vara
84
Develops into sensory neurons
Alar plate
85
Growth zone during development
Metaphysis
86
Pharyngeal pouch of eustachian tube and middle ear
1st
87
Excessive outward spine curvature
Kyphosis
88
No of sacral vertebrae
5
89
Neuron netwrok in GI tract which regulate digestion
Enteric plexus
90
Diencephalon
3rd ventricle, Thalamus and hypothalamus
91
High stepping gait
Neuropathic gait due to peripheral nerve disease
92
Pelvis drops to one side due to injury to the gluteal muscles
Trendenleburg gait
93
Increased angle of the femur
Coxa valga
94
Decreased angle of femur
Coxa vara which causes duck waddle gait
95
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion
96
Kyphosis
Excessive outward curvature of the spine
97
Cavities in bones containing osteocytes
Lacunae
98
Treatment of osteoporosis
HRT, Vitamin D, calcitonin, raloxifene
99
Cerebral aqueduct and midbrain
Mesencephalon
100
Thalamus, hypothalamus and third ventricle
Diencephalon
101
Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles
Telencephalon
102
Medulla and inferior 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon
103
Pons and cerebellum and superior 4th ventricle
Metencephalon
104
Motor cranial nerves
Accessory, hypoglossal, abducens, trochlear, oculomotor
105
Sensory cranial nerves
Olfactory, vestibulocochlear and optic

Year 1 (191 decks)

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