B5 W2 Flashcards by Sumaya L

Predicts equilibrium potential of a single ion, depending on conc in and outside of cell

Nernst equation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cranial nerve, branch of the vagus, which controls swallowing

Accessory nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electrotonic potential

Created in dendrites from change in ion conductance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nuclei in pons for taste and causes tear secretion

Facial nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventromedial pathway

Mainly ipsilateral pathway which innervates the trunk and proximal muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cerebral peduncles

Paired bundles of axons from the cortex and include the corticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontine tracts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tract controls voluntary skeletal muscle, fine movement and sensory modulation

Corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Allodynia

Pain from a non-painful stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brainstem lesion on sensory

Contralateral loss of both pathways

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Corticobulbar tract

Pyramidal UMN tract which controls the muscles of the face, head and neck. It provides input to the cranial nerves associated with the head such as facial, accessory, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal and vagus from the brain.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cerebellar neurons

aids movement by controlling UMN to correct movement.
Inhibitory cerebellar neurons: Purkinje, basket, stellate and golgi cells.
Excitatory cerebellar neurons: granule cells and brush cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conduction is faster in smaller neurons

Unmyelinated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conduction is faster in larger neurons

Myelinated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rubrospinal tract

Originates in red nuclei of midbrain; decassates in midbrain and provides contralateral supply to control muscle tone in flexor group and co-ordinate movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nuclei in the midbrain which control eye movement

Oculomotor nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Resting membrane potential determinants

High K+ permeability, Na+/k+ Pump and low portein permeability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Local circuit neurons

Receive input from somatic sensory neurons. They are close to LMN soma which co-ordinate rhythmic movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons which modulate respiratory rhythm

Pontine respiratory group. Consists of pneumotaxic centre which inhibits respiration and apneustic centre which increases respiration.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Position of head and neck and balance

Vestibulospinal tract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nociceptive pain is carried by…

C afferents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innocus stimulation is carried by…

A beta afferents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Level of spinal cord where neurons decassate

Entry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nociceptors for first pain

Mechanical and thermal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperalgesia around tissue damage site

Secondary hyperalgesia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Posture and gait and modulates sensation

Reticulospinal system

Anaesthetic which is less stable w/ allergic reaction

Ester

Cranial nerve 5, 6, 7, 8

Pons

Below T6

Gracile -> Fasiculi in spinal cord -> Nucleus in medulla

Cranial nerve 9, 10, 11, 12

Medulla

Lamina II

Substantia gelatinosa where first and second order neurons synapse

Nuclei which induce breathing

Medullary- contains dorsal respiraotry group for inspiration and ventral respiratory group for expiration

Rubrospinal tract decussation

Midbrain

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Ipsilateral loss of Dorsal column and paralysis Contralateral loss of spinothalamic

Number of neurons in motor pathway

Vasoconstrictors used with local anaesthetics

Adrenaline

Lesion in Rubrospinal tract

Causes intention tremors and impaired distal arm and hand movements

Pathological pain

Innocous stimulation by A-Beta afferents for allodynia and tissue damage by C afferents

Unconscious sensation modifying cerebellar activity

Spino-olivary

Neurotransmitters used to activate second order neurons in nociceptive pathway

Glutamate and substance P

Unmyelinated neurons

Velocity varies as a square root

Above level of T6

Cuneate Fasiculi- spinal cord Nucleus- spinal cord

Cranial nerves from the midbrain

Cranial nerve 3 and 4

Equation for valence and permeability of multiple ions

Goldmann equation

Assist movement by providing input to UMN and suppress unwanted movements

Basal nuclei

Repolarisation

+40mV where voltage senstiive K+ channels are open and Na+ are closed

Spinal trigeminal tract

Nociceptive afferents of the face and head cranial nerve 5, 6, 7, 8 enter the pons and descend to the medulla

Crude touch

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Descending endogenous analgesic pathway

Endogenous opioids act on the periaqueductal grey matter and raphe nuclei to reduce serotonin, substance P and glutamate action for pain transmission.

Proximal limbs, trunk muscle and muscle corrections

Ventromedial tract

Large diameter afferents for mechanoreceptors

A-alpha and A-beta

Ipsilateral dorsal column loss and contralateral spinothalamic loss

Spinal cord lesion

Nuclei which regulate chronotropy and inotropy

Cardiovascular centre

Nuclei in rostral brain

Cranial nerve 1 and 2

Toes flex up and causes dorsiflexion

Babinski sign

Regulates activity of cerebellar nuclei

Inferior olivary nuclei

Substances induced by hyperalgesia

Substance P, prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine

Medical disorder characterised by chronic pain by allodynia

Fibromyalgia

Pain and temperature

Lateral corticospinal tract

Where second order neurons decussate in the spinothalamic tract

Anterior white commisure

Unconscious pathway involving propioception and movement co-ordination

Spinocerebellar tract

Dendrites

Receive information in the neuron

Resting membrane potential

-70mV

Myelinated neurons

Velocity is linear with diameter/ larger diameter= faster velocity

Local anaesthetics

Prevent transmissions of action potentials by blocking voltage gated Na+ channels

Disassociated sensory loss

Preservation of fine touch and propioception

Neurotransmitters for pain transmission in hyperalgesia

Substance P, and inflammation related prostaglandin, histamine and bradykinin

Decassation in corticospinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tract does not decassate. Lateral corticospinal tract decassates at the pyramids of the medulla.

Neuron which decassates in spinothalamic pathway

Second order neuron at the anterior white commissure

Lesion in corticospinal tract

Loss of agility and independent finger flexion. Above decassation: positive Babinski, contralateral spastic paresis Below decassation: ipsilateral spastic paresis and positive Babinski

Where do second and third order neurons synapse?

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

Central modulation of pain

Regulation of pain by higher brain centres and emotion

Components of grey matter

Central canal, ventral horn and dorsal horn

Vetibulospinal tract

Ipsilateral. Arises from vestibular nuclei in the 4th ventricle to split into: Medial VST: Cervical segments Lateral VST: spinal segments. It excites extensor muscles and inhibits flexor muscles. Vestibular nuclei has an afferent pathway via the inferior cerebellar peduncles to communicate with the vestibulocerebellum.

Pyramidal tract

Carries UMN input to the brainstem or spinal cord. Includes the corticobulbar tract and lateral corticospinal and anterior corticospinal tract