B5 W3

Question 1

Dystrophin

Answer 1

Links the actin cytoskeleton to the dystroglycan complex in the sarcolemma. Damage to this causes membrane rupturing and membrane rupturing.

Question 2

Dystrophin complex

Answer 2

Links sarcomere to basal lamina and connective tissue for stability.

Question 3

Region of ventral horn for innervation of the hand and feet

Answer 3

Distal ventral horn

Question 4

Muscle contraction which moves a load

Answer 4

Isotonic contraction

Question 5

Fibres for long distance running

Answer 5

Type 1 slow twitch

Question 6

Main sources of energy

Answer 6

Phosphocreatine, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration

Question 7

Area in sarcomere with only thick filaments

Answer 7

H band

Question 8

Summation

Answer 8

Increased force of contraction of fibre when a twitch occurs before a twitch relaxes

Question 9

Fasicles

Answer 9

Bundles of muscle fibres in perimysium

Question 10

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 10

Receptor organ between muscle and tendon in series with extrafusal muscle fibres

Question 11

Hypodermis

Answer 11

Loose connective tissue formed of areolar and adipose connective tissue. Allows exit and entry in muscles for blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Question 12

Protein in muscle which binds to oxygen

Answer 12

Myoglobin

Question 13

Detects the rate and change of muscle length

Answer 13

Intrafusal muscle fires

Question 14

Muscle energy source which produces a small amount of ATP with moderate endurance

Answer 14

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 15

Muscle energy source which produce a small amount of ATP but long endurance

Answer 15

Aerobic metabolism

Question 16

Sarcolemma signalling activates this

Answer 16

L-type calcium channel

Question 17

Gap after stimulus has been applied

Answer 17

Lag phase

Question 18

Failure of muscles to relax

Answer 18

Myotonia

Question 19

Type of muscle twitch fibres for generating long term tension

Answer 19

Slow twitch fibres

Question 20

Neurons which integrate input from the muscle spindle, control by gamma motor neurons

Answer 20

Ia afferent

Question 21

Dilated end sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Terminal cisternae

Question 22

Ib afferent

Answer 22

Provides sensory innervation of the Golgi organ

Question 23

I band

Answer 23

Only actin is present

Question 24

Sources of energy for muscle

Answer 24

Glucose and fatty acids

Question 25

Order of ATP endurance

Answer 25

Aerobic > anaerobic > creatine phosphate

Question 26

Order of ATP quantity release

Answer 26

Creatine phosphate > anaerobic > aerobic

Question 27

Henneman's size principle

Answer 27

Motor units recruited from smallest to largest

Question 28

Axial

Answer 28

Region of ventral horn which innervates the trunk and head muscles for posture

Question 29

Satellite cells

Answer 29

Muscle stem cells for protein synthesis, located outside the sarcolemma. Become muscle cells in response to growth factors.

Question 30

Mode of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

Via calcium release channels. These are mechanically coupled to L-type calcium channels

Question 31

Net gain of anaerobic respiration

Answer 31

2 ATP

Question 32

How is calcium bound in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 32

Calsequestrin and reticulin

Question 33

Muscle fibres for long distance

Answer 33

Type 1 slow twitch

Question 34

Elastic elements

Answer 34

Must be under tension for muscle contraction

Question 35

Mitochondria

Answer 35

Lies close to contractile muscle protiens

Question 36

Myofibrils

Answer 36

Contractile organelles of myofibrils which consists of myosin and actin

Question 37

Proximal region

Answer 37

Area of the ventral horn motor innervating the upper limbs

Question 38

Golgi Tendon Organ

Answer 38

Located in the junction between muscle and tendon, innervated by IB afferents and has a high threshold receptor

Question 39

Creatine phosphate

Answer 39

Synthesis is catalysed by creatine kinase. Metabolised by creatine kinase into-> creatine + ADP as energy store

Question 40

Gamma motor neurons

Answer 40

Adjust the tension and length of the muscle spindle via the intrafusal muscle fibres and the sensitivity. Detects changes in the position of the extrafusal muscle fibres.

Question 40

Gamma motor neurons

Answer 40

Adjust the tension and length of the muscle spindle via the intrafusal muscle fibres and the sensitivity. Detects changes in the position of the extrafusal muscle fibres.

Question 41

Sources of ATP in muscle cells

Answer 41

Creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.