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B6 W1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale Motor:

A

6- obeying
5- Localising toward pain
4- Withdraw from Touch
3- flexor response/decorticatie
2- extesnort response/decerebrate
1- no response

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2
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale Verbal

A

5-Orientated
4- Confused conversation and crying but consolable infant
3- Inappropriate random speech with no conversational exchange. Infants are inconsistently inconsolable
2- incomprehensible speech and moaning
1- no verbal response

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3
Q

Number 1 in the levels of consciousness

A

Fully conscious

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4
Q

Melatonin

A

Produced by the pineal gland in response to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus releasing vasopressin.

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5
Q

Delusions of reference

A

Common aspects of like the TV are directed toward the individual

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6
Q

5-Hydroxytryptamine

A

Serotonin- synthesised from tryptophan in meat and dairy products. Raphe nuclei is serotenergic. Degraded by MAO into 5-HIAA/hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Metabolised into -> melatonin in the pineal gland.

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7
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Synthesised as precursor with enzymes in the soma. Both are transported down the microtubule tracks. Enzymes modify the precursors. They diffuse away from the cell

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8
Q

Behaviours

A

Personality, health and wellbeing choices, substance use and abuse and psychopathology

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9
Q

Thalamocortical

A

Neurons in the thalamus which interact with other neurons to generate EEG oscillations

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10
Q

D1-like receptors

A

Positively coupled to G-protein coupled receptors

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11
Q

Buspirone

A

Anti-anxiety medication

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12
Q

Which imaging technique are used to view brain areas while performing tasks?

A

PET

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13
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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14
Q

Decorticate

A

Flexion- may be caused by lesion in the midbrain, pons, or diencephalon

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15
Q

Which neurons are responsible for EEG oscillations?

A

Thalamocortical

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

Neuromodulator of mood, satiety, body temperature, pain inhibition and introversion

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17
Q

Decerebrate

A

Extensor-may be caused by lesion in the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia

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18
Q

Pareidolia

A

Tendency to apply a specific meaningful image to a random image

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19
Q

M1, M3 and M5

A

Positively coupled to G protein/ phospholipase C

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20
Q

M2 and M4 receptors

A

Positively coupled to Gi receptors to open K+ ion channels

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21
Q

Cholinergic receptors in the peripheral receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors

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22
Q

Serotonin receptor affecting vomiting

A

5-HT3

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23
Q

Neuropeptides- examples

A

Cholecystokinin, Oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P

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24
Q

Biogenic amine

A

Catecholeamines, serotonin and histamine

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25
Substance P
Peptide neurotransmitter part of the tachykinin family. Acts in unmyelinated C fibres for pain transmission and binds to NK receptors
26
D2-like receptors
D2, D3 and D4 receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gi protein
27
What causes degradation of NO?
It cannot be stored and is unstable
28
Posterior hypothalamus
Histamine to cause wakefulness
29
Metabolic product of dopamine
Homovanillic acid
30
Neuropeptides- function
Mediate slower synaptic signalling, modify ongoing synaptic signalling and function
31
GABAnergic area of the CNS involved in consciousness and sleep and damage to this region is associated with insomnia
Reticular formation/ anterior hypothalamus
32
In sleep, sensory thalamus is....
Inhibited
33
In awake, sensory thalamus is...
Facillitated
34
Enzymes present in catecholeaminergic neurons
Tyrosine hydroxylase
35
Serotonin degradation
By MAO into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic aid -> melatonin
36
Neurotransmitter modulating fast synaptic transmission
Small neurotransmitter
37
Cholinergic nuclei
Dorsolateral pontine nuclei and frontal basal forebrain nuclei which are responsible for synaptic plasticity. They project onto the cortex. Damage leads to dementia
38
Glycine
Ionotropic receptor for chloride ions. It is an amino acid neurotransmitter which acts on the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the brainstem and spinal cord.
39
Renshaw cells
Interneurons that cause reccurrent inhibition of the spinal cord between the UMN and LMN to focus motor activity
40
When the patient has intermittent periods of awareness and wakefulness and displays some meaningful behaviour
Minimally conscious state
41
Pizotifen
5-HT2 antagonist which treats migraines
42
Nn
Nicotnic recepetor found in presynaptic cholinergic terminals and postganglionic neuorns
43
Glutamate response
Binds to NMDA to cause Na+ influx. Depolarisation causes Mg2+ efflux and opens NMDA receptor. NMDA allows Ca2+ influx for secondary messenger. This occurs in A-delta afferents for pain transmission.
44
Location of reticular activating system
Upper brain stem
45
Metabolic product of dopamine
Homovanillic acid- formed by action of MAO or COMT
46
Valium
GABA agonist
47
Which areas of the CNS interact in sleep?
Thalamus, reticular nucleus and cerebral cortex
48
Small molecule neurotransmitters
Enzyme synthesis occurs in soma, transported via axons. Neurotransmitters are synthesised and packaged at the axon terminal into vesicles
49
Acetylcholine functions
Thermoregulation, arousal, learning and memory, sexual behaviour and sleep
50
Anterior hypothalamus
Induces sleep via GABA
51
Stage 3 sleep
Body temperature and blood pressure decrease
52
Which glutamate receptor is affected in epilepsy?
NMDA receptors
53
Antidepressant drugs which prevent breakdown of noradrenaline and serotonin
MAO inhibitors
54
Thought blocking
Interruption in train of thought with a blank where you can't remember what you said
55
Posterior hypothalamus
Uses histamine to induce wakefullness.
56
Biogenic amines
Catecholamines and serotonin
57
Non-REM sleep
4 stages which have synchronised EEG waves
58
Obsession
Repetitive senseless thought which is recognised as irrational by the patient and cause anxiety
59
Pathology with low glutamate
Motor neuron disease, epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease
60
How is speech measured?
Rate, quantity and articulation
61
Delusion
Fixed false belief about reality
62
Psychosis
Disconnection from reality
63
Compulsion
Repetitive and purposeful behaviour which is the motor component of a compulsive thought
64
Hypoactivity of Locus Coeruleus
Depression and loss of REM sleep
65
Bladder control
Enuresis
66
Nitric oxide
Synthesised in glail cells by eNOS. Cannot be stored due to its instability
67
Genotype
Combination of alleles at a locus
68
Waves in Non-REM sleep
Delta waves
69
Passivity phenomena
The idea that a person is being controlled externally and includes thought insertion, thought withdrawal and thought broadcasting
70
When awake
Reticular nucleus is inhibited, acetylcholine is active and thalamus is facilitated
71
Ventral Tegmental area
Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons
71
Ventral Tegmental area
Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons
72
Noradrenaline
Neuromodulator of arousal and reward
73
When the patient has sleep-wake cycles, but lacks awareness, only displays reflexive and non-purposeful behaviour.
Unresponsive Wakefulness syndrome
74
Reticular formation
Network in brainstem which controls arousal
75
Examples of neuropeptides =
Vasopressin, somatostatin, substance P, endorphins, oxytocin
76
Common cause of loss of consciousness worldwide
Malaria
77
Sumatriptan
Targets 5-HT1D to treat migraines
78
Tricyclics
Block Noradrenaline and Serotonin reuptake
79
Pareidolia
Vivid imagery occurs without conscious effort looking at a poorly constructed background
80
Hyperkeplexia
Defects in glycine receptor channels causes high muscle contraction and reaction ot unexpected noise
81
Heritability
Proportion of phenotypic variance accounted by the genetic differences among individuals
82
GABA synthesis
Glutamate decarboxylase converts glutamate -> GABA
83
Polygenic inheritance
Multiple genes which have a cumulative effect towards behavioural phenotype heritability
84
Nuspirone
Inhibits synthesis and firing of serotonin acting on 5-HT which temporarily inhibits serotonin but in long term increases it
85
When the patient lacks awareness and sleep-wake cycles, and only displays reflexive behaviour
Chronic coma
86
Primary delusion
Arises fully formed
87
Neuromodulator of mood, pain inhibition, body temp and introversion
Serotonin
88
Product of noradrenaline metabolism
VMA and MHPG
89
Glutamate receptors
Ionotropic

Year 1 (191 decks)

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