B8 W1

Question 1

Women- aging effect on sexual response

Answer 1

Reduced vascular engorgement

Question 2

NATSAL

Answer 2

National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles

Question 3

Excitement phase

Answer 3

Includes muscular contraction

Question 4

Women in the excitement phase?

Answer 4

Elevation of the cervix and uterus

Question 5

Where are Cowper’s glands located?

Answer 5

On either side of the urethra

Question 6

What happens to the uterus in the orgasmic platform?

Answer 6

It is fully elevated

Question 7

Emission phase in men

Answer 7

Smooth muscle contracts in the ductus deferens, prostate, semilunar vesicles and ampulla and internal and external urethra sphincters and semen pools in the urethral bulb

Question 8

Ejaculation phase

Answer 8

Contraction of glands, ducts, urethral sphincter, filling of internal urethra causes pudendal nerve to contract genitals, ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus for expulsion of semen

Question 9

Dyspareunia

Answer 9

Painful sexual intercourse

Question 10

Which conditions can cause erectile dysfunction?

Answer 10

Diabetes, coronary artery disease, renal failure, arthritis and the treatment

Question 11

FGM Type -EXCISION

Answer 11

Type 2

Question 12

FGM Type- Infibulation

Answer 12

Type 3

Question 13

Muscular cavity where digestive waste and urine leave the embryo

Answer 13

Cloaca

Question 14

The kidneys present in embryo development

Answer 14

Pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros

Question 15

Pronephros

Answer 15

First set of kidneys which regress after 4 weeks and are non functional

Question 16

Mesonephros

Answer 16

Temporary and form urine, Become part of the urogenital system

Question 17

Where does the bladder develop?

Answer 17

From urogenital region with opening to the allantosis.

Question 18

Where does the ductus deferens come from embryologically?

Answer 18

Wollfian duct

Question 19

What gives rise to the epididymis?

Answer 19

Remaining Mesonephric collecting tubules after Wollfian duct disappears

Question 20

What is the ejacultory duct?

Answer 20

Area where the ductus deferens enters the prostate gland and joins with the seminal vesicle that has an ampulla

Question 21

Region where urethra crosses the pelvic floor?

Answer 21

Membranous

Question 22

What is the majority of the spongy urethra lined with?

Answer 22

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia

Question 23

Which part of the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 23

End of urethra in glans penis

Question 24

Tubercle swelling

Answer 24

Gives rise to outer labia or scrotum?

Question 25

When does gonad development occur?

Answer 25

3.5-4.5 weeks

Question 26

When do primordial germ cells undergo mitosis?

Answer 26

After colonising regions of the mesonephros

Question 27

Undifferentiated cells where gonads form?

Answer 27

Genital ridge/bipotential primordia, located on ventral surface of mesonephros

Question 28

What are the precursors of sertoli cells ?

Answer 28

Testis cords

Question 29

FGF9

Answer 29

Chemotactic factor which causes tubules from the mesonephric duct to penetrate the gonadal ridge for testes development

Question 30

Primary oocytes

Answer 30

Enter meiosis and will form primary oocyte

Question 31

Are primary oocytes haploid or diploid?

Answer 31

Diploid

Question 32

Testes diploid cells

Answer 32

Spermatogonia- formed from primordial germ cells that become encased in sex cords and cease mitosis

Question 33

What does the Mullerian duct become?

Answer 33

Oviducts and uterus

Question 34

What maintains the Wollffian duct?

Answer 34

Androgens

Question 35

What causes Leydig cells to produce androgens?

Answer 35

FGF9 which maintains the Wollffian system

Question 36

Where is Anti-Mullerian hormone produced?

Answer 36

Pre-sertoli cells

Question 37

Chromosomes for congential adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 37

XX

Question 38

Why are Turner's syndrome patients infertile?

Answer 38

No second X chromosome for germ cell development

Question 39

Pregnenolone

Answer 39

Precursor to sex steroid hormones

Question 40

Where do sex hormones develop in the cell?

Answer 40

Mitochondria

Question 41

Fox ligand 2/ FoxL2

Answer 41

Causes migration and condensation of epithelia around the primordial germ cell. This allows ovary formation.

Question 42

When are mitotic stages of development for women complete?

Answer 42

Before birth in foetus

Question 43

Oogensesis

Answer 43

Maturation of oocytes with pre-antral phase, antral phase and pre-ovulatory phase

Question 44

When does meoisis begin in oogenesis?

Answer 44

Primary oocyte in ovarian cycle

Question 45

What forms after mitosis stops and meiosis begins?

Answer 45

Primary oocyte- it is a diploid cell which is arrested in meiosis I

Question 46

When do the peak primordial germ cells form in females?

Answer 46

Week 20

Question 47

Epithelia of granulosa cells

Answer 47

Stratified cuboidal epithelia that secretes glycoproteins to form zona pellucida

Question 48

Theca folliculi

Answer 48

Surrounding connective tissue of oocyte?

Question 49

Pre-ovulatory stage of oocyte development?

Answer 49

Meiosis I is completed and LH surge. Unequal haploid cells form; the one with less cyptoplasm becomes first polar body. Second is the secondary oocyte that arrests in metaphase II. They both produce polar bodies

Question 50

Fimbriae

Answer 50

Projections at the end of fallopian tubes

Question 51

When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

Answer 51

During fertilisation- it will then implant into the uterine wall

Question 52

Where does oocyte develop?

Answer 52

In follicle

Question 53

What is the HPG axis?

Answer 53

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and gonads that regulate menstruation

Question 54

How does moderate levels of oestrogen affect HPG axis?

Answer 54

Negative feedback

Question 55

How do high oestrogen levels affect HPG axis?

Answer 55

Positive feedback

Question 56

How do both oestrogen and progesterone affect HPG axis?

Answer 56

Negative feedback

Question 57

What happens in follicular phase?

Answer 57

Beginning of menstrual cycle. Follicle develops independently. HPG produces FSH and LH for follicle growth. Negative feedback due to oestrogen levels increases means only one follicle survives.

Question 58

When are oestrogen levels high?

Answer 58

When there is LH surge, caused by positive feedback on HPG axis

Question 59

When is chorionic gonadotropin released?

Answer 59

When fertilisation occurs. It maintains the corpus luteum and supported by placental hCG to support pregnancy in luteal phase

Question 60

Cytoplasmic maturation

Answer 60

Rearrangment of cytoplasmic organelles for fertilisation- Mitochondria are relocated to periphery and cortical granules migrate to oocyte periphery

Question 61

What is the role of antimullerian hormone in menstruation?

Answer 61

Produced by granulosa cells to reglateand restrict follicular growth

Question 62

Which hormone regulates secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 62

Oestrogen

Question 63

Which phase of menstruation does the combined contraceptive mimic?

Answer 63

Luteal

Question 64

Role of LH in males

Answer 64

Leydig cell production

Question 65

FSH in males

Answer 65

Testicular growth and production of Sertoli cells

Question 66

Low levels of these hormones indicates delayed puberty

Answer 66

FSh and LH

Question 67

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 67

Day 14

Question 67

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 67

Day 14

Question 68

Tanner scale

Answer 68

Measures progression through puberty

Question 69

Percentage of sperm for fertilisation

Answer 69

4%

Question 70

Why does weight gain occur?

Answer 70

High levels of oestrogen. Testosterone is aromatised into oestrogen which increases fat. Testosterone maintains muscle

Question 71

How does testosterone affect the body?

Answer 71

Increases intracellular Ca2+ and causes hypertension, weight increase, increases RBC count (polycythaemia) by inhibiting iron absorption.