B8 W5

Question 1

Mouth

Answer 1

Forms by splitting the first pharyngeal arch

Question 2

Largest gland in the body

Answer 2

Thyroid gland

Question 3

Mesoderm

Answer 3

Cells of the pharyngeal arch which form cartilage, muscle, nerves and arteries

Question 4

Nerve supplying first pharyngeal arch

Answer 4

Trigeminal nerve

Question 5

Nerve suppling 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 5

Facial

Question 6

Muscles of mastication

Answer 6

Muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch

Question 7

Where does the adrenohypophysis develop?

Answer 7

Oral ectoderm

Question 8

Adrenohypophysis cells that stain

Answer 8

Chromophils

Question 9

Adrenhypophysis cells that do not stain

Answer 9

Chromophobes

Question 10

Corticotrophin region

Answer 10

Basophil cells, contain melanocyte stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin hormone

Question 11

Thyroiditrophs

Answer 11

Basophil region

Question 12

Neurohypophysis

Answer 12

Non-myelinated neurons with cell bodty in hypothalamus

Question 13

Superior thyroid artery

Answer 13

Branch of the external carotid

Question 14

Thyroid primordium

Answer 14

Thickening in the primordial pharynx which forms the thyroid

Question 15

Thyroglossal tract

Answer 15

Eptihelial lined tract where the primordial thyrid gland migrates to end at thyroid isthmus.

Question 16

Foramen caecum

Answer 16

Tongue base

Question 17

Which cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 17

Parafollicular cells, in the thyroid gland

Question 18

Weight loss, lack of energy, heat intolerance, increased appetite, weight gain

Answer 18

Hyperthyoridism/ Graves’ disease

Question 19

Blood supply to the parathyroid glands

Answer 19

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 20

Which cells produce parathyroid hormone?

Answer 20

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

Question 21

Oxyphil cells

Answer 21

Present in parathyroid gland with no known origin

Question 22

Palatine tonsils origin

Answer 22

2nd pharnygeal pouch

Question 23

Origin of parafollicuclar cells

Answer 23

4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 24

What does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 24

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 25

Which enzyme converts trosine in reaction with iodine to monoiodotyrosine?

Answer 25

Peroxidase

Question 26

What enables iodide trapping?

Answer 26

Sodium-iodide symporter

Question 27

T3

Answer 27

3,5,3-triiodothyronine

Question 28

Thyroxine

Answer 28

T4

Question 29

Dyshormonogenesis

Answer 29

Inherited disorder of thyroid hormone synthesis. Low levels of T4 and T3 but high TSH. Causes goitre.

Question 30

Congenital hypotyhroidism

Answer 30

Absence of thyroid gland or ectopic thyroid with Guthrie blood spot

Question 31

Fatigue, cold intolerance, depression, poor concentration

Answer 31

Hypothyroidism symptoms

Question 32

Dry skin, coarse hair, bradycardia, puffy eyes, anaemia

Answer 32

Hypothyroidism signs

Question 33

Myexdema

Answer 33

Water retention by carbs due to altered metabolsim and hypothyroidism

Question 33

What is the target in Hashimoto's disease?

Answer 33

Thyroid peroxidase for formation of thyroid hormones. Lesser extent, thyroglobulin antibodies.

Question 34

Low levels of T4 and TSH and high TRH

Answer 34

Secondary hypothyroidism

Question 35

GOitre, tremor, warm skin, tachycardia, hypertension, myoxdema

Answer 35

Signs of hyperthyroidism

Question 36

Causes of goitre

Answer 36

Radiotherapy, iodine deficiency, lithium medication, Graves disease/hyperthyroidism

Question 37

Action of thionamides

Answer 37

Inhibit iodide oxidation of thyroid peroxidase

Question 38

Proteins other than albumin which bind to thyroid hormone

Answer 38

Thyroxine binding prealbumin and albumin

Question 39

Thyroid hormones effects- processes

Answer 39

Catabolic effect- Gluconegneesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, rpotein synthesis, glucose absorptionn, oxygen consumption

Question 40

Role of thyroid hormones in CNS

Answer 40

Nerve myelination, brain development, intellectual development and emotional stability

Question 41

Impact of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 41

Kidney stones, fragility fracture, weakness

Question 42

Lipid soluble hormones

Answer 42

Adrenal cortical hormones and gonadal hormones (oestrogen, testosterone, progesterone)

Question 43

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 43

Water soluble

Question 44

Location of hypothalamus]

Answer 44

Below 3rd brain ventricle

Question 45

What inhibits growth hormone release?

Answer 45

Somatostatin

Question 46

Somatostatin

Answer 46

Released from hypothalamus. Inhibits growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, gastrin and pancreatic enzymes and gastric secretion

Question 47

Adrenal insufficiency test

Answer 47

Synacthen test

Question 48

Test for secondary adrenal insufficnecy

Answer 48

Insulin stress test

Question 49

Cushing's disease

Answer 49

Excess of steroid hromones due to pituitary issue which causes increased levels of ACTH

Question 50

Test for Cushing's disease

Answer 50

Dexamethasone test

Question 51

Increase in ACTH and CRH with pigmentation. Decrease in cortisol =

Answer 51

Primary adrenal deficiency

Question 52

Cushing's syndrome

Answer 52

Adrenal gland produces excess cortisol which will inhibit the hypothalamuus and pituitary from producing excess CRH or ACTH

Question 53

Steroid excess

Answer 53

Cortisol decrease, ACTH decrease, CRH decrease

Question 54

Syntehtic substance similar to testosterone.

Answer 54

Anabolic steroids- causes primary hypergonadism

Question 55

Prolactin control

Answer 55

Positive feedback

Question 56

Bromocriptine

Answer 56

Dopamine agonist drug to inhibit breastfeeding

Question 57

Mectalopride

Answer 57

Dopamine antagonist for hyperprolactinemia

Question 58

Acromegaly

Answer 58

Gigantisim caused by excess growth hormones

Question 59

Ocreotide

Answer 59

Somatostatin analogue- INhibits GnRH for relaease of GH from adrenohypophysis to treat gigantism

Question 60

Effects of alcohol on ADH

Answer 60

Inhibited

Question 61

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

Answer 61

Desmopressin-ADH analogue to treat low ADH