Back Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral Column

A

“Backbone”

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2
Q

Spinal Column

A

Backbone + spinal cord.

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3
Q

Motion Segments of the Vertebral Column

A

Cervical & Lumbar

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4
Q

of Vertebrae (adult & child)

A

24 in adult (33 to start)

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5
Q

Cervical Region

A

7 vertebrae, lordosis (posteriorly concave, anteriorly convex)

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6
Q

Thoracic Region

A

12 vertebrae, kyphosis (posteriorly convex, anteriorly concave)

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7
Q

Lumbar Region

A

5 vertebrae, lordosis (posteriorly concave, anteriorly convex)

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8
Q

Sacral Region

A

1 vertebrae (5 fused segments), kyphosis (posteriorly convex, anteriorly concave)

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9
Q

Coccygeal Region

A

1 vertebrae (4 fused segments)

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10
Q

Path Around a Vertebra

A

Vertebral body –> Pedicle –> Transverse process –> Lamina –> Spinous process –> Pedicle –> Vertebral body

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11
Q

Spinous Processes

A
  • Project posteriorly, differentiates b/w vertebrae
  • Bifid in cervical region (except c7)
  • Spine-like in thoracic region
  • Oblong in lumbar region
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12
Q

Transverse Processes

A
  • Project laterally
  • Articulates w/ ribs 1-10 in thoracic region
  • Transverse foramina in cervical region
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13
Q

Articular Processes/Facets

A
  • Two superior & two inferior @ junction of lamina & pedicles
  • Interlock with superior & inferior facets to form synovial joints
  • CC (up/down) in cervical
  • AP (front/back) in thoracic
  • ML (side/side) in lumbar
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14
Q

Lumbar Processes

A
  • Mammillary Processes & Accessory Processes

- Purpose is stabilization

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15
Q

Mammillary Processes

A

-Tubercle on posterior surface of superior articular process (only lumbar & T12!)

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16
Q

Accessory Processes

A

-Project backward from base of transverse processes, lateral & inferior to mammillary processes

17
Q

Costal Facets

A
  • Found on anterior body & transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
  • Makes thoracic region more stable & less ROM than cervical/lumbar (problem fx more common in those regions)
18
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Individual spaces formed by vertebral body & neural arch; collectively form spinal canal

19
Q

Vertebral canal

A
  • aka Spinal Canal
  • Opening formed by the column of vertebral foramena containing spinal cord, meningeal coverings, nerve roots & associated vessels
20
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A
  • aka Virtual Foramen
  • formed by pedicle of arch above and below
  • exit for spinal nerves
21
Q

Transverse foramen

A
  • transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
  • allows for passage of vertebral artery & vein & autonomic nerves (except c7’s which only transmits small accessory veins)
22
Q

Linkage of the Vertebrae

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Interlocking processes
  • Binding ligaments
23
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
  • Like shock absorbers; tough on the outside, soft on the inside
  • Thicker anteriorly than posteriorly; caudate than cephalad
  • C2/C3 (none between atlas & axis) to L5/S1
  • Discs may stop one vertebra early or one vertebra late
24
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • Smallest vertebrae
  • Relatively small body
  • Relatively large neural arch
  • Largest vertebral foramen
  • Oval-shaped transverse foramena (distinctive)
  • Discs in region smallest in direct measurement but thickest proportionally to vertebral body size
  • Most ROM of all sections
25
Q

C1

A
  • Atlas; looks like a big ring
  • No body or spinous process
  • Widest cervical vertebra
  • Bears weight of head
  • 50% of flexion/extension (remainder evenly divided between other 6 segments)
26
Q

C2

A
  • Axis
  • Strongest cervical vertebra
  • Large superior articular facets
  • Odontoid process (dens)
  • Smallest transverse process
  • 50% of rotation (remainder evenly divided between other 6 segments)
27
Q

C3-C6 Spinous Processes

A

-Short and bifid in whites, not in African Americans

28
Q

C7

A
  • Vertebra prominens
  • longest spinous process, nearly horizontal
  • Attachment site for nuchal ligament, supraspinous ligaments, numerous back muscles (biggest muscles attach to biggest processes)
  • Not bifid!
29
Q

Alar Ligaments

A

2, one L & one R; connect C1 to dens

30
Q

Whiplash

A
  • Trunk driven forward, head lags behind hyperextending head & upper neck while rapidly hyperflexing lower neck (rear ended in MVA)
  • C5-7 = whip handle, C1-4 = lash; possible fx @ C4/C5 junction
  • Injury mainly musculoligamentous (posterior)
  • C/O; Neck pain, stiffness, headache. Unremarkable MRI
  • Tx w/ cervical collar keeping neck slightly flexed; rehab
31
Q

C1 (Atlas) Fx

A
  • More commonly Burst or Jefferson fracture
  • Blow to the top of the head fx one or both of C1’s arches
  • Generally leaves person neurologically in-tact, but turn their head sideways & spinal chord severs (main reason for cervical collars & log rolling pt’s w/ suspected neck trauma)
32
Q

C2 (Axis) Fx

A
  • Hangman’s fracture
  • One of the most common cervical fx
  • Hyperextension of head & neck fx pedicles of C2 & transecting spinal chord above C3
  • Judicial hangings, severe whiplash, motorcycle accidents cause this; generally fatal or at least quadriplegia
33
Q

3 Types of Dens Fx

A

I - Fx of the tip
II - Fx of waist
III - Fx through vertebral body
-Tricky fx to treat & diagnose; generally need open mouth x-rays to reveal them

34
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation

A

Atlas dislocates from occiput; very bad injury

35
Q

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

A
  • Congenital
  • Cerebellum & medulla protrude into vertebral canal through foramen magnum
  • Associated w/ spina bifida
  • Hydrocephalus occurs b/c abnormal circulation of CSF
  • Highly susceptible to injury