Bacteria Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of bacteria?
A
- Gram positive cocci
- Gram negative cocci
- Gram positive bacilli
- Gram negative bacilli
2
Q
Give 7 clinically important Gram positive cocci
A
- Staphylococcus aureus
- CoNS (Coagulate negative Staphylococci)
- Streptococcus pyogenes (ß-haemolytic streptococcus)
- Group B streptococci
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Viridans streptococci
- Enterococci
3
Q
Give 2 clinically important Gram negative cocci
A
- Neisseria meningitis
- Neisseria gonorrheoa
4
Q
Give 8 clinically important Gram positive bacilli
A
- Listeria
- Corynebacterium diptheriae
- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium perfringes
- Clostridium difficile
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium leprae
- Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
5
Q
Give 16 clinically important Gram negative bacilli
A
- E coli
- Salmonella species
- Shigella
- Klesiella species
- Proteus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Bordetella pertussis
- Burkholdera species
- Brucella species
- Legionella species
- Vibrio cholerae
- Campylobacter species
- Helicobacter pylori
- Bacteriosides species
- Treponema pallidum
6
Q
Give 2 clinically important bacteria that do not fall into any of the 4 main categories
A
- Chlamydia species
- Mycoplasma species
7
Q
What diseases are caused by staphylococcus aureus?
A
- Infections of skin and soft tissue
- Food poisioning
- Septicaemia
8
Q
What is the antibiotic used to treat diseases caused by staphylcoccus aureus?
A
Penicillinase resistant penicillin- Flucloxacillin
9
Q
Give an example of a CoNS bacteria
A
S. epidermidis
10
Q
What diseases are caused by CoNS?
A
Opportunistic pathogens that often cause infection related to medial devices, e.g. IV cannulae, prosthetic heart valves
11
Q
What is the antibiotic given to treat diseases caused by CoNS?
A
Flucloxacillin (normally sensitive to this, if not can add glycopeptide, e.g. vancomycin)
12
Q
What diseases are caused by streptococcus pyogenes?
A
- Pharyngitis and other URTIs
- Skin and soft tissue infections (impetigo, cellulitis)
- Scarlet fever
- TSS
- Acute rheumatic fever
- Acute glomerulonephritis
13
Q
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by streptococcus pyogenes?
A
- Penicillin
- Erythomycin (if penicillin allergic)
14
Q
What diseases are caused by group B streptococci?
A
- Neonatal meningitis
- Septicaemia
15
Q
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by group B streptococci?
A
Penicillin or amoxicillin and gentamicin
16
Q
What diseases are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?
A
- Pneumonia
- Meningitis
- Septicaemia
- Otitis media
17
Q
What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?
A
- Amoxicillin and other ß-lactams
- Erythomycin
18
Q
What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?
A
Pneumococcal vaccination
19
Q
What diseases are caused by viridans streptococci?
A
Endogenous infections, especially infective endocarditis
20
Q
What diseases are caused by enterococci?
A
They are opportunisitic pathogens, causing UTIs and endocarditis
21
Q
What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by entercocci?
A
Amoxicillin or vancomycin, often with gentamicin
22
Q
Why is vancomycin often given with gentamicin when treating enterococci infections?
A
Concerns with VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)
23
Q
What diseases are caused by neisseria meningitidis?
A
- Meningitis
- Septicaemia
24
Q
Where is neisseria meningitidis carried in the body?
A
In the nasopharynx
25
What feature of neisseria meningitidis assists in its colonisation?
Its coat protects against phagocytosis
26
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by neisseria meningitidis?
Cefotaxime
27
What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by neisseria meningitidis?
Meningococcal type C vaccine
## Footnote
*No vaccine for serogroup B*
28
What diseases are caused by neisseria gonorrhoea?
Gonorrhoea
29
What is gonorrhoea?
Infection of GU tract
30
What is the consequence of gonorrhoea?
* PID *(Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)* in females
* Epididymitis in males
31
How are the neisseria bacteria similar to each other?
They are both carried in the nasopharynx, and both have a coat that protects against phagocytosis
32
What antibiotics are given to treat infections caused by neisseria gonorrhoea?
* Ciprofloxacin
* ß-lactamase resistant cephalosporins
33
What diseases are caused by listeria?
* Meningitis and septicaemia in neonates
* Infections in immunocomprimised and pregnant women
34
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by listeria?
Amoxicillin, often with gentamicin
35
What disease is caused by corynebacterium diptheriae?
Diphtheria
36
What is the treatment for diphtheria?
* Supportive therapy to maintain airway
* Anti-toxin
* Erythromycin
37
What vaccine is given to prevent diptheria?
Toxoid vaccine
38
What diseases does bacillus cereus cause?
Food poisioning- *commonest association is with reheated rice and pulses*
39
What is the treatment for diseases caused by bacillus cereus?
None- *it is self-limiting*
40
What diseases are caused by clostridium perfringens?
Infections of wounds- *gas gangrene*
41
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by clostridium perfringens?
Penicillin **or** metronidazole
42
What diseases are caused by clostridium difficile?
Antibiotic associated diarrhoea, leading to **psuedomonas colitis**
43
What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by clostridium difficile?
Oral vancomycin **or** metronidazole
44
What diseases are caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis- *primary, latent, and miliary*
45
What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by M. tuberculosis?
* Isoniazid
* Pyrazinamide
* Ethambutol
* Rifampicin
46
What vaccine is given to prevent infection with M. tuberculosis?
BCG vaccines
47
What diseases are caused by mycobacterium leprae?
Tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy
48
What is leprosy?
Non-caseating granulomas affecting nerve cells
49
What antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by M. leprae?
* Dapsone
* Clofazimine
* Rifampicin
50
What vaccine is given to prevent infection with M. leprae?
BCG vaccine offers some protection
51
Describe the nature of non-tuberculous mycobacteria
* Rapid or slow growing
* Opportunistic
52
Give an example of a non-tuberculous mycobacteria
Mycobacteria avium complex
53
What disease does M. avium complex cause?
Disseminated disease in AIDS patients
54
What diseases are caused by E coli?
* Most common cause of cystitis
* Regularly seen in GNS
* Some strains cause diarrheol disease
* Haemolytic urea syndrome *(HUS)*
55
What kind of disease is cystitis?
UTI
56
What strains of E coli cause diarrhoeal disease?
* ETEC
* EIEC
* EHEC
* EPEC
57
What strains of E coli cause haemolytic urea syndrome?
EHEC strains possessing O157 H7 antigens
58
What diseases does salmonella subtypes cause?
* Subtype typhi and parathyphi cause enteric fever
* Other subtypes cause diarrhoea
59
What disease does shigella cause?
Dysentery
60
What is the main symptom of dysentery?
Bloody diarrhoea
61
What is the shigella toxin similar to?
The EIEC strain of E coli
62
What diseases are caused by klebsiella subspecies?
* Often seen in UTIs and HAI *(hospital-acquired infections)*
* Rare but classical cause of **primary pneumonia**
63
What disease is caused by proteus?
Common cause of UTIs
64
What is the result of UTIs caused by proteus?
Produces potent urease, which makes urine alkaline and predisposes to **renal stones**
65
What antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by E coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella and proteus?
* Trimethoprim
* Co-trimoxazole
* Cefalexin
* Ciprofloxacin
66
What diseases are caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Opportunistic infection- *wounds, burns, urinary tract, lungs (especially in cystic fibrosis)*
67
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by psuedomonas aeruginosa?
* Ciprofloaxin *(resistant to most other oral antibiotics)*
* IV gentamicin
68
What diseases are caused by haemophilus influenzae?
* Meningitis
* Osteomyelitis
* Epiglottis in children under 5
* Acute exacerbations of COPD
69
What strains of haemophilus influenzae are associated with acute exacerbations of COPD?
Non-capsulate strains
70
What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by haemophilus influenzae?
* Amoxicillin
* Chloramphenicol
* Cefotaxime *sometimes needed for meningitis due to resistance*
71
What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by haemophilus influenzae?
Capsular polysaccharide vaccine
72
What disease is caused by brucella subspecies?
Undulant fever *(brucellosis)*
73
How does brucellosis present?
Pyrexia of unknown origin *(PUO)*
74
What disease is caused by legionella subspecies?
Atypical form of bronchopneumonia and Pontic fever
75
What antibiotics are given to treat disease caused by legionella subspecies?
* Erythromycin
* Rifampicin
76
What disease is caused by vibrio cholerae?
Cholera
77
What is the treatment for cholera?
* Oral rehydration therapy
* Tetracycline
78
What is the therapetic effect of tetracycline on cholera?
Shortens symptoms and duration of carriage
79
What disease is caused by campylobacter subspecies?
Diarrhoea
80
What is diarrhoea associated with campylobacter subspecies associated with?
Contaminated food and milk
81
What is the treatment for diarrheoa caused by infection with campylobacter subspecies?
Diarrhoea is self-limiting
If invasive, give **erythromycin**
82
What disease is caused by helicobacter pylori?
* Gastritis
* Cofactor in pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration
* Associated with gastric cancer/ulcers
83
What antibiotics are used to treat direct disease caused by helicobacter pylori?
* Amoxicillin
* Metronidazole
84
Where does bacteroides subspecies cause disease?
* The subspecies bacteroides fragilis found in lower gastrointestinal tract
* Most other subspecies found in mouth and upper respiratory tract
85
What diseases to bacteroides subspecies cause?
* Intra-abdominal infections
* Brain abscesses
* Dental sepsis
86
What antibiotic is used to treat diseases caused by bacteroides subspecies?
Metronidazole
87
What antibiotic is bacteroides fragilis resistant to?
Penicillin
88
What disease is caused by treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
89
What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by treponema pallidum?
Penicillin
90
What disease is caused by chlamydia subspecies?
* Chlamydia trachomatis can cause;
* Urethritis
* Trachoma
* Cervicitis
* Salpingitis
* Pneumonitis *in newborn*
* Cause of atypical pneumonias
91
What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by chlamydia subspecies?
* Tetracyclines and erythromycin
* Azithromycin
92
What diseases are caused by mycoplasma subspecies?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of atypical pneumonia
93
What is infection with mycoplasma subspecies associated with?
* Non-gonoccoal urethritis
* Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Joint and other post-infective inflammatory conditions
94
What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by infection with mycoplasma subspecies?
Tetracycline **or** erythromycin
95
Why can't ß-lactams be used to treat disease caused by mycoplasma subspecies?
Because they have no cell wall
