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Micro5 > Bacterial Growth > Flashcards

Bacterial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Physical growth requirements for bacteria

A
  • temperature
  • ph
  • osmotic pressure
    (Environment)
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2
Q

Chemical growth requirements for bacteria

A

(Consuming)
- carbon
Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
- oxygen (sometimes)
- trace elements (iron, copper)
- osmotic growth factors = can’t be made by organisms

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3
Q

Optimal growth on growth curve

A

Temperature at which a microbe grows best

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4
Q

Maximum/ minimum growth on bacteria growth curve

A

Range of possible growth

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5
Q

High temperatures doe what to proteins and the plasma membrane

A

Proteins - denature

Membrane - more permeable

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6
Q

Low temperatures causes the plasma membrane and proteins to

A

Proteins - lose flexibility = can’t move
Membrane - loses permeability

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7
Q

What are the 4 groups of bacteria?

A

Psychorophiles, psychrotrophs, measophiles, Thermophiles

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8
Q

What group of Bactria have enzymes that are more flexible at lower temperatures?

A

Physcorophiles

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9
Q

What a group of bacteria’s enzymes do not unfold easily (more stable)?

A

Thermophiles

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10
Q

Saturated vs. unsaturated

A
  • the # of hydrogens

Saturated - 4 hydrogens (lower permeability)

Unsaturated - 2 hydrogens (more permeable)

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11
Q

Psychrophiles have more _________ fatty acids in membrane

A

Unsaturated double bonds)

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12
Q

Thermophiles have more ________ fatty acids in membrane

A

Saturated

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13
Q

Acidic environments

A

Less then 7 ph

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14
Q

Basic environments

A
  • high ph (greater then 7)
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15
Q

What bacteria have a more permeable membrane, acidophilus or alkaliphiles?

A

Alkaliphiles - it helps keep h+ in the cell

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16
Q

What is the consequence of extreme ph rates over the optimum?

A

It causes proteins/ enzymes to denature (unfold)

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17
Q

Alkaphiles membranes

A

Less permeable to protons to keep protons in the cell

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18
Q

Acidophiles membrane

A

Less permeable to protons to keep protons (H+) out of the cell

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19
Q

What are hemophiles?

A

Bacteria that require higher salt concentration to live

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20
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cells cytoplasm shrinks inhibiting growth

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21
Q

Why does bacteria need oxygen as a chemical growth requirement?

A

Needed for aerobic respiration (bring air in)

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22
Q

Why does a bacteria Ned phosphorus as a chemical growth requirement?

A

Needed in ATP synthesis ( from phosphate ions)

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23
Q

How can oxygen be toxic to bacteria?

A

Superoxide anion - it’s unstable and creates radicals

  • o2 picks up extra e-
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24
Q

What enzymes are used to breakdown oxygen?

A

Sod (superoxide dimutase)

CAT - catalase

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25
Q

Why can’t SOD just break down o2?

A

It breaks down oxygen into hydrogen peroxide - oxygen allow will contain toxic anion = superoxide

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26
Q

Facultative means

A

Can tolerate but does not prefer whatever condition

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27
Q

Obligate

A

“Requires’ whatever condition

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28
Q

Aerobe means

A

Using oxygen to live

29
Q

Anaerobe means

A

Unable to use oxygen to live

30
Q

What does it mean for a microb to grow?

A

Grow by increasing in number not size

31
Q

What is the main protein used in binary fission?

A

Ftsz protein

32
Q

What is the main function of Ftsz protein?

A

Works for cell division/ forms ring, which directs septum in middle to split cell in two

33
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Elongation
    - cell elongates and dna moves toward each end
  3. Separation
    - Ftsz protein creates ring to facilitate cell dividing
  4. Division
    - septum dives two cells
  5. Pinch off
    - cells pinch apart w/ Ftsz in each cell
34
Q

How do you calculate exponential growth

A

Total # of cells = 2^n (number of generations) X # of initial cells

35
Q

Exponential growth is often shown on ________ scale

A

Logarithmic

36
Q

Bacterial growth curve contains 4 phases, what are they?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
37
Q

Lag phase

A

Preparing for binary fission by making enzymes

38
Q

Log phase

A

Cells begin dividing

  • # of cells dividing > # cells dying
39
Q

Stationary phase

A

The number of cells dividing = number of cells dying

40
Q

Death phase

A

Number of cells dividing < number of cells dying

  • not sufficient nutrients present
41
Q

Plate count

A

Counting the number of colony forming units on a solid media

42
Q

What four ways can you see bacterial growth?

A

Plate count
Filtration counting
Turbidity
Microscopic cell count

43
Q

CFU (colony forming unit)

A
44
Q

Filtration counting

A

Good for dilute samples like water

45
Q

Turbidity

A

Allows light to shine through - increased cloudiness = more cells

46
Q

What is a con of using Turbidity to count bacteria growth

A

You can’t tell which cells are alive and what are dead

47
Q

What type of bacteria have endospores?

A

Gram positive (G+)

48
Q

Why are endospores formed?

A
  • like a bunker to hid away
    Formed when conditions are not good for dividing (not ideal living conditions)
49
Q

Endospores are very durable

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE: they can last thousands of years

50
Q

What is sporulation

A

Endospores formation

51
Q

Explain the process of sporulation

A
  1. Chromosome copied and surrounded by structure
  2. Water is removed from endospore and metabolism of endospore stops
  3. Cells holding endospore lyse (break open) releasing endospore
52
Q

Germination

A

Process of starting to grow from a spore into a endospore

53
Q

What is free energy

A

Ability to do work

54
Q

How does the stability of a molecule relate to its ability to do work?

A

The more stable a molecule is the less ability to do work

Unstable = more work

55
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Endergonic (puts energy in to system)
- formation of molecule (Delta G positive)

56
Q

Catabolic Reaction

A

Exergonic (energy being released)
- the breaking down of molecules (Delta G is negative)

57
Q

What is ATP and its role

A

ATP is the main molecule that provides energy to do work

58
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electron

59
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electron

60
Q

Do electrons carry energy? Which electrons carry the most energy?

A

Yes they carry energy

  • carry most if further away from nucleus
61
Q

Is NAD+ being reduced or oxidized when it turns into NADH?

A

Reduced

62
Q

What kind of molecule is NADH?what does it do?

A

Electron Carrier - it donates/ accepts electrons from and to various places in cellular respiration

63
Q

What are ways in which organism,s can convert high energy in electrons in food into ATP?

A

Via redox reaction in cellular respiration

64
Q

What are the steps of cellular (aerobic) respiration and where does it occur?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Intermediate step
  3. Citric acid cycle (kreb cycle)
  • all occur in the cytoplasm!!!
65
Q

Glycolysis input

A

Glucose molecule
- 2 ATP

66
Q

Glycolysis output

A

2 pyruvate
- 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP)
- NADH (2x)

67
Q

How is atp made in glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

  • transfer of a phosphate from a substrate in the bacteria to ADP using an enzyme
68
Q

Electron carriers

A

NADH now carry 2 electrons

69
Q

How much ATP is made during cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis - 2
Intermediate step - 0
Citric acid cycle - 2

Micro5 (14 decks)

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