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Principles of Infectious Disease > Bacteriology Overview > Flashcards

Bacteriology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of BACTERIA

A
  • No nuclear membrane
  • Mitochondria ABSENT
  • Endoplasmic reticulum is ABSENT
  • NO sterols in cytoplasmic membrane
  • Chitin, glucans and mannans ABSENT from cell wall
  • NOT sensitive to anti fungals
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2
Q

Characteristics of FUNGI

A
  • Well defined nuclear membrane present
  • Mitochondria PRESENT
  • Endoplasmic reticulum is PRESENT
  • Sterols are PRESENT in the cytoplasmic membrane
  • Cell wall has chitin, glucans and mannans
  • NOT sensitive to antibiotics
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3
Q

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE

A
  • The biochemical composition of these structures are macromolecules such
    as DNA, RNA, protein, polysaccharide, phospholipid etc
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4
Q

Macomolecules are made up of PRIMARY SUBUNITS

A
  • PROTEINS: subunits are amino acids
  • POLYSACCHARIDES: subunits are sugars (carbohydrates)
  • PHOSPHOLIPIDS: subunits are fatty acids
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS: subunits are nucleotides
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5
Q

Where in the cell are AMINO ACIDS found?

A
  • Flagella
  • Pili
  • Cell walls
  • Cytoplasmic membranes
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
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6
Q

Where in the cell are POLYSACCHARIDES found?

A
  • Capsules
  • Inclusions (storage)
    cell walls
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7
Q

Where in the cell are PHOSPHOLIPIDS found?

A
  • Membranes
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8
Q

Where in the cell are NUCLEIC ACIDS found?

A
  • DNA: nucleoid (chromosome), plasmid
  • RNA:
    Ribosomes: mRNA
    tRNA: cytoplasm
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9
Q

BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE

A

Appendages:
– Flagella
– Pili (or fimbriae)

Cell envelope:
– Capsule
– Cell wall
– Plasma membrane

Cytoplasmic content:
– Chromosomes
(DNA)
– Ribosomes

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10
Q

Which structures are NOT PRESENT in all bacteria?

A
  • Capsule
  • Flagella
  • Pili
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11
Q

CELL WALL TYPES

A
  • Gram POSITIVE

- Gram NEGATIVE

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12
Q

FLAGELLA

A
  • Swimming movement

- Predominant chemical composition is PROTEIN

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13
Q

SEX PILUS

A
  • Mediates DNA transfer
    during conjugation
  • Predominant chemical composition is PROTEIN
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14
Q

COMMON PILI or FIMBRIAE

A
  • Attachment to surfaces
  • Protection against phagocytic engulfment
  • Predominant chemical composition is PROTEIN
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15
Q

CAPSULES

A
  • Attachment to surfaces
  • Protection against phagocytic engulfment
  • Occasional killing or digestion
  • Reserve of nutrients or protection against dessication
    Predominant chemical composition is POLYSACCHARIDES, rarely POLYPEPTIDES
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16
Q

CELL WALL

A
  • Prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast and confer rigidity and shape on cells
  • Peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis and confer rigidity and shape on cells
  • Outer membrane is a permeability barrier
  • Associated LPS and proteins have various functions
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17
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

A
  • Permeability barrier
  • Transport of solutes
  • Energy generation
  • Location of numerous enzyme system
  • Predominant chemical composition is PHOSPHOLIPID and PROTEIN
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18
Q

RIBOSOMES

A
  • Sites of translation (Protein Synthesis)

- Predominant chemical composition is RNA and PROTEIN

19
Q

INCLUSIONS

A
  • Reserves of nutrients
  • Additional specialized functions
  • Predominant chemical composition is highly variable
  • Can be lipid, carbohydrate, protein or inorganic
20
Q

CHROMOSOME

A
  • Genetic material of the cell

- Predominant chemical composition is DNA

21
Q

PLASMID

A
  • Extrachromosomal genetic material

- Predominant chemical composition is DNA

22
Q

APPENDAGES

A
  • Flagella

- Pili

23
Q

FLAGELLA

A
  • Composed of a protein (FLAGELLIN)
  • Usually much longer than the bacterial cell
  • NOT PRESENT in all bacteria
  • Bacteria that possess flagella are MOTILE
  • Many Gram NEG bacteria have flagella
  • Present in some species of enterococci
24
Q

Parts of Flagella

A
  • Filament
  • Hook (joint betw filament and basal body)
  • Basal Body (anchored to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane)
25
Q

Variety of Number and Arrangement of Flagella

A
  • Monotrichous flagellum (one “tail”)
  • Lophotrichous flagellum (multiple “tails” at one end)
  • Amphitrichous flagellum (one “tail” at each end)
  • Peritrichous flagellum (“tails” around entire flagella)
26
Q

What is motility test medium?

A
  • Semi soft medium inoculated with a straight needle
  • Motile bacteria swim away from line of inoculation to find nutrients causing turbidity
  • NON motile will only
    grow along the line of inoculation
27
Q

Fimbriae or Pili

A
  • Short, hair-like structures on the surfaces of prokaryotic cells
  • Shorter and stiffer than flagella
  • Smaller in diameter than flagella
  • Very common in Gram NEG bacteria
  • Most often involved in adherence of bacteria to surfaces, substrates
    and other cells or tissues in nature
28
Q

F or Sex Pilus

A
  • A specialized type of pilus
  • Apparently stabilizes
    mating bacteria during the process of conjugation
  • Found in E. COLI
29
Q

Common Pili

A
  • Usually involved in specific adherence (attachment) of

prokaryotes to surfaces in nature

30
Q

Components of Cell Envelope

A
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
31
Q

Gram POSITIVE Cell Wall

A
  • Uniformly thick layer external to the plasma membrane

- Composed mainly of peptidoglycan (murein)

32
Q

Gram NEGATIVE cell wall

A
  • Thin and multilayered
  • Consists of a
    relatively thin peptidoglycan sheet between the plasma membrane and a
    phospholipid-lipopolysaccharide outer membrane
33
Q

PERIPLASM

A
  • The space between the inner (plasma) and outer membranes (wherein the
    peptidoglycan resides)
34
Q

CAPSULE

A
  • Polysaccharide layer outside of the cell wall
35
Q

TRUE CAPSULE

A
  • Discrete detectable layer of polysaccharides deposited

outside the cell wall

36
Q

BIOFILM

A
  • Less discrete structure or matrix which embeds the cells is a called a slime layer
37
Q

Mucoid Colonies on

Agar Media

A
  • Indicate bacteria with well defined capsular material
38
Q

Functions of The CAPSULE

A
  • Adherence to surface, tissue or substrate in nature
  • Resistance to engulfment by phagocytic cells
  • Resistance to killing and digestion by phagocytic cells
  • Resistance to attack by antibodies and drugs
  • Protection against drying
  • Reserve of nutrients
39
Q

CELL WALL

A
  • Most prokaryotes have
  • Prevent damage to
    the underlying protoplast
  • Essential structure for cell
    viability
  • Composed of unique components found nowhere
    else in nature
  • One of the most important sites for attack by
    antibiotics
  • Provides ligands for adherence and receptor sites for drugs or viruses
  • Components are responsible for symptoms of a
    disease
  • Provides for immunological distinction and
    immunological variation among strains of bacteria
40
Q

CELL WALL

A
  • Bacteria usually live in relatively dilute environments
  • The accumulation of solutes inside the cell cytoplasm greatly exceeds the total solute concentration in the outside environment
  • Since the membrane is a delicate, plastic structure, it must be restrained by an outside wall made of porous, rigid material that
    has high tensile strength
    (murein)
41
Q

CELL WALL

A
  • Bacterial murein is a unique type of peptidoglycan
  • Composed of chains of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine
    and N-acetylmuramic acid crosslinked by short tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross-bridges.
    • The cell walls of archaea may be composed of protein,
    polysaccharides, or peptidoglycan-like molecules, but NEVER contain murein
  • This feature distinguishes the bacteria from the archaea
42
Q

Structure of the G+ve Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • Cell wall is thick (15-80
    nm)
  • Consists of several layers of peptidoglycan
  • Running perpendicular to
    the peptidoglycan sheets are a group of molecules called TEICHOIC ACIDS (unique to the Gram-positive cell wall)
43
Q

Structure of the G-ve Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • Relatively thin (10 nm)
  • Composed of a single layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a membranous
    structure (outer membrane)
  • Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria invariably contains a unique component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS or
    endotoxin)- TOXIC TO ANIMALS!!
  • In Gram-negative bacteria the outer membrane is usually considered as part of the cell wall

Principles of Infectious Disease (4 decks)

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