Barron's: Chapter 8 - Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivations

Answer 1

• feelings or ideas that cause us to at toward a goal

Question 2

Instincts

Answer 2

• automatic behaviors performed in response to specific stimuli

Question 3

Drive reduction theory

Answer 3

• the theory that our behavior is motivated by biological needs

Question 4

Need

Answer 4

• one of our requirements for survival

Question 5

Drive

Answer 5

• is our impulse to act in a way that satisfies a need

Question 6

Primary drives

Answer 6

• biological needs

Question 7

Secondary drives

Answer 7

• learned drives

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

• a balanced internal state

Question 9

Arousal Theory

Answer 9

• states that we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal

Question 10

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 10

• states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point

Question 11

Opponent-process theory of motivation

Answer 11

• states that people are usually at a normal, or baseline, state

Question 12

Incentives

Answer 12

• stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

Question 13

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

• a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people.

Question 14

Self-actualization

Answer 14

• a need to fulfill our unique potential as a person

Question 15

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 15

• when simulated causes the animal to eat

Question 16

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 16

• causes the animal to stop eating when it is stimulated

Question 17

Set-point theory

Answer 17

• describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send

Question 18

Bulimia

Answer 18

• people who eat large amounts of food in a short period of time and then get rid of the food by vomiting, excessive exercise, or the use of laxatives. bulimics are obsessed with food and their weight

Question 19

Anorexia

Answer 19

• people who starve themselves t below 85 percent of their normal body weight and refuse to eat due to their obsession with weight

Question 20

Obesity

Answer 20

• people are severely overweight, often by over 100 pounds, and the excess weight threatens their health. obese people typically have unhealthy eating habits rather than the food obsessions of the other two disorders

Question 21

Achievement motivation

Answer 21

• a theory that tries to explain the motivations behind more complex behaviors

Question 22

Extrinsic motivators

Answer 22

• rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves

Question 23

Intrinsic motivators

Answer 23

• rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction

Question 24

Management theory

Answer 24

• systems theory are popular management theories. Theory X and Y, which addresses management strategies for workforce motivation, is also implemented to help increase worker productivity.

Question 25

Approach-approach conflict

Answer 25

• occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes

Question 26

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 26

• occurs when you must choose between tow unattractive outcomes

Question 27

Approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 27

• occurs when one event or goal has botha ttractive and unattracive features

Question 28

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 28

• we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress

Question 29

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 29

• similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states

Question 30

Two-factor theory

Answer 30

• states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.

Question 31

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 31

• describes the genreal response animals have to a stressful event

Question 32

Charles Darwin

Answer 32

• he best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

Question 33

Abraham Maslow

Answer 33

• he is best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization

Question 34

William Masters

Answer 34

• best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team.

Question 35

Virginia Johnson

Answer 35

• best known as the member of the Johnson sexuality research team.

Question 36

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 36

• was an American biologist, professor of entomology and zoology, and sexologist

Question 37

William James

Answer 37

• was an American philosopher and psychologist who was also trained as a physician.

Question 38

Carl Lange

Answer 38

• was a Danish physician who made contributions to the fields of neurology, psychiatry, and psychology.

Question 39

Walter Cannon

Answer 39

• was an American physiologist, professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School.

Question 40

Philip Bard

Answer 40

• was a physiologist at Harvard University, who is perhaps best known for his classic treatise on homeostasis.

Question 41

Stanley Schachter

Answer 41

• was an American social psychologist, who is perhaps best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer.

Question 42

Thomas Holmes

Answer 42

• was a physician who is considered the father of American embalming

Question 43

Richard Rahe

Answer 43

• examined the medical records of over 5,000 medical patients as a way to determine whether stressful events might cause illnesses

Question 44

Hans Seyle

Answer 44

• he conducted much important scientific work on the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to stressors.