Basic Neurology: Gross Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards Preview

CSD256 Anatomy and Physiology > Basic Neurology: Gross Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Basic Neurology: Gross Functional Neuroanatomy Deck (38)
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1
Q

central nervous system

A

This segment or portion of the nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

2
Q

cortex

A

This is the portion of the cerebrum (brain) where most processing occurs.

3
Q

hemisphere

A

A term used to describe the two halves of the brain.

4
Q

tract, peduncle, fasciculus, nerve

A

This is a term, which refers to a collection of axons that transmit a message.

5
Q

central sulcus

A

This groove, or sulcus, roughly divides the brain into anterior and posterior segments.

6
Q

white matter

A

This nervous tissue transmits information.

7
Q

grey matter

A

This nervous tissue processes information.

8
Q

longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

This structure divides the brain into two hemispheres.

9
Q

internal capsule/corona radiata

A

These two massive bundles of nerve fibers transfer information from the cortex to the rest of the CNS.

10
Q

Where is the cell body for spinal and cranial nerves?

A

in the CNS

11
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

This system works together with the thalamus to facilitate control of our state of arousal and alertness.

12
Q

cerebellar peduncles (inferior, middle, and superior)

A

These structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.

13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

This segment or portion of the nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.

14
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

This refers to a minor infolding or groove in cortical tissue.

15
Q

corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract or motor strip

A

This segment of the motor pathways is responsible for initiating voluntary motor acts.

16
Q

basal ganglia or cerebellum

A

This modulating system of motor pathways is responsible for higher order motor refinement, posture, balance, and precise voluntary movements like speech.

17
Q

lateral fissure

A

This fissure roughly divides the brain into superior and inferior regions.

18
Q

hippocampus

A

This structure is central to a process referred to as consolidation, or transferring new memories from short-term to long-term. It’s shaped like a seahorse.

19
Q

gyrus (gyri)

A

This refers to a convolution or outfolding of cortical tissue.

20
Q

amygdala

A

This structure is involved in emotional memory, as well as ascribing emotion to events and behaviors.

21
Q

fissure

A

This term refers to a major infolding or groove in cortical tissue, sometimes including complete separation of two cortical structures.

22
Q

somatotopic

A

This term refers to the topographic organization of the cortex.

23
Q

motor homunculus

A

This term refers, more specifically, to the topographic organization of the motor strip in the cortex.

24
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

This term refers to the topographic organization of the somatosensory areas in the cortex; the size of different body parts reflects the relative density of their innervation

25
Q

primary motor cortex, motor strip, pre-central gyrus

A

This gyrus, or topographical region of the cortex, is responsible for initiation of voluntary motor movements.

26
Q

premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

A

These gyri, or topographical regions of the cortex, include a pair of association cortices, which are responsible for motor planning. Selects voluntary movements.

27
Q

functions of frontal lobe

A

language expression, executive functions, planning, initiation, inhibition of voluntary motions, motor planning, problem solving, higher order attention

28
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

language comprehension, auditory processing, memory

29
Q

functions of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory processing, motor planning for speech, reading comprehension, integration of visual-auditory-sensory information

30
Q

functions of the occipital lobe

A

visual processing, higher order visual processing

31
Q

major roles of the cerebellum

A

motor learning, balance, motor refinement

32
Q

basal ganglia

A

Interconnected subcortical masses of grey matter responsible for motor refinement and control of background movement.

33
Q

thalamus

A

This structure is a major relay center for sensory information directed toward the cerebral cortex. It works cooperatively with the reticular activating system (RAS) to facilitate arousal and modulate attention processes.

34
Q

hypothalamus

A

The main role of this structure is as a homeostatic mechanism. It regulates basic drives including hunger, thirst, sexual desire, and sleep wake cycles. It modulates autonomic control including temperature regulation. Finally, it has many reciprocal connections with the limbic region.

35
Q

limbic lobe, limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary bodies

A

Sometimes referred to as the “sixth” lobe of the brain, these structures support emotions, memory, hunger, and temperature regulation.

36
Q

Broca’s area

A

This frontal lobe structure or region is essential for language expression.

37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

This temporal lobe structure or region is responsible for language comprehension.

38
Q

corpus callosum

A

This prominent white matter tract connects the two hemispheres, allowing for information exchange between the two sides of the brain.