Behavioral Science

Question 1

What is the purpose of a cross-sectional study?

Answer 1

to collect data from a group of people at a particular point in time

Question 2

What does a cross-sectional study assess?

Answer 2

frequency of disease

Question 3

What does a cross-sectional study report?

Answer 3

prevalence

Question 4

What is the purpose of a case control study?

Answer 4

compares a group of people with a disease to a group of people w/o the disease

Question 5

What does a case control study report?

Answer 5

odds ratio

Question 6

What is the function of a cohort study?

Answer 6

compares a group of people with an exposure to a group of people w/o an exposure

Question 7

What does a cohort report?

Answer 7

relative risk

Question 8

What is the function of a Phase One study?

Answer 8

is it safe

Question 9

What is the function of a Phase Two study?

Answer 9

Does it work

Question 10

What is the function of a Phase Three study?

Answer 10

does the drug work better than the current gold standard

Question 11

What is the function of a Phase Four study?

Answer 11

long term safety

Question 12

What is the equation for sensitivity?

Answer 12

TP/ TP + FN

Question 13

What is the equation for specificity?

Answer 13

TN / TN + FP

Question 14

What is the equation for Positive Predictive Value?

Answer 14

TP/TP + FP

Question 15

What is the equation for Negative Predictive Value?

Answer 15

TN/TN + FN

Question 16

What two things does Positive Predictive Value correlate with?

Answer 16

prevalence or pre-test probability

Question 17

What does NPV inversely correlate with?

Answer 17

prevalence

Question 18

If there is less overlap between to normal distributions, is the test more or less sensitive/specific?

Answer 18

more sensitive and specific

Question 19

If there is more overlap between to normal distributions, is the test more or less sensitive/specific?

Answer 19

less sensitive and specific

Question 20

What is a Type One error?

Answer 20

seeing a difference when there is no difference

Question 21

What is a Type Two error?

Answer 21

not seeing a difference when there is one

Question 22

Does alpha correspond to Type One of Type Two?

Answer 22

one

Question 23

Does beta correspond to Type One of Type Two?

Answer 23

two

Question 24

What is the equation for power?

Answer 24

1- beta

Question 25

What is another name for reliable?

Answer 25

precise

Question 26

What is the equation for odds ratio?

Answer 26

AD/BC

Question 27

What is the equation for Relative Risk?

Answer 27

[A/(A+B)]/C/(C+D)]

Question 28

What does Relative Risk measure?

Answer 28

risk of developing disease in exposed group to unexposed group

Question 29

What is the equation for Attributable Risk?

Answer 29

(A/A+B) - (C/C+D)

Question 30

What is the equation for NNT?

Answer 30

1/ARR

Question 31

What is the equation for Number Needed to Harm?

Answer 31

1/AR

Question 32

What is External Validity?

Answer 32

extent to which a study is applicable to a population other than the study

Question 33

What is Hawthorne Bias?

Answer 33

subjects change behavior because they know they are being studied

Question 34

What is Berkson Bias?

Answer 34

a study only looks at inpatients

Question 35

What is Recall Bias?

Answer 35

awareness of disease alters recall

Question 36

What is procedure bias?

Answer 36

subjects in treatment groups are not treated the same

Question 37

What is Observer-Expectant bias?

Answer 37

observer expects a study will work so they document that it works

Question 38

What is another name for Observer Expectant Bias?

Answer 38

Pygmalion effect

Question 39

What is Confounding Bias?

Answer 39

when a factor is related to both exposure and outcome

Question 40

What is lead-time bias?

Answer 40

early detection is confused with increased survival

Question 41

One standard deviation captures what percentage of the population?

Answer 41

68%

Question 42

Two standard deviation captures what percentage of the population?

Answer 42

95%

Question 43

Thre standard deviation captures what percentage of the population?

Answer 43

99.7%

Question 44

What is the order of mean, median and mode for a positive skew?

Answer 44

mean > median > mode

Question 45

What is the order of mean, median and mode for a negative skew?

Answer 45

mean

Question 46

What does a meta-analysis increase?

Answer 46

statistical power

Question 47

What is the Z-score for 99th percentile?

Answer 47

2.58

Question 48

What does a t-test look for?

Answer 48

difference in means between two groups

Question 49

What does a ANOVA look for?

Answer 49

differences between means of 3 or more groups

Question 50

What does Tertiary prevention do?

Answer 50

treat

Question 51

What is beneficence?

Answer 51

act in patients best interest

Question 52

What is nonmaleficence?

Answer 52

do no harm

Question 53

What does APGAR stand for?

Answer 53

Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration

Question 54

Low birth weight is below what value?

Question 55

How old does a social smile develop?

Answer 55

two months

Question 56

How old does stranger anxiety develop?

Answer 56

6 months

Question 57

How old does separation anxiety develop?

Answer 57

9 months

Question 58

When should Moro reflex disappear?

Answer 58

three months

Question 59

When should Rooting reflex disappear?

Answer 59

four months

Question 60

When should Palmer reflex disappear?

Answer 60

six months

Question 61

When should Babinski reflex disappear?

Answer 61

twelve months

Question 62

Do elderly have more or less REM sleep?

Answer 62

less

Question 63

Do elderly have more or less Slow Wave sleep?

Answer 63

less

Question 64

What is presbycusis?

Answer 64

high-frequency hearing loss

Question 65

What gets destroyed during Presbycusis?

Answer 65

hair cells

Question 66

Where are the hair cells destroyed during Presbycusis?

Answer 66

cochlear base