Behavioristic Perspective

Question 1

_________ conditioning refers to an automatic response being conditioned into a person’s behavior, whereas operant conditioning deals with a learning process where a person takes a deliberate action in response to a certain stimuli.

Answer 1

Classical

Classical conditioning refers to things like a shiver running down your spine whenever you hear a fox howl, or flinching when someone lifts their hand.

Question 2

Classical conditioning occurs when a _______ reflex is associated with a new stimulus.

Answer 2

natural

A natural reflex is something such as wincing, shivering, drooling–something that you don’t think about.

Question 3

Essentially, animals and people are biologically “wired” so that a certain stimulus will produce a specific response. However, a Russian physiologist named ______ discovered classical conditioning when he was able to make a dog salivate simply by ringing a bell.

Answer 3

Pavlov

Question 4

The essence of Classical Conditioning is that two things are already connected with each other (Pavlov’s example is food and salivation). Then a third thing is added (the bell) for several trials. Eventually, this third thing may become so strongly __________ that it has the power to produce the old behavior.

Answer 4

associated

Question 5

In Pavlov’s experiment, he used the association with an otherwise __________ stimulus, to create the same reaction as a natural reflex.

Answer 5

unrelated

Question 6

__________ Anxiety is a developmental stage during which the child experiences anxiety when separated from the primary care giver (usually the mother).

Answer 6

Separation

Separation Anxiety is a stage most children go through, and usually ends by around 2 years of age.

Question 7

The strongest application of classical conditioning involves _______.

Answer 7

emotion

Common experience and careful research both confirm that human emotion conditions vary rapidly and easily. Particularly when the emotion is intensely felt or negative, it will condition quickly.

Question 8

Classical conditioning is used by trainers for two purposes: The first purpose is to _________ (train) autonomic responses, such as drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response.

Answer 8

condition

Conditioning is training for a specific desired response.

Question 9

If you are trying to make a general conclusion about the 8th grade students in your school, then you need to perform the experiment on a ______ sample.

Answer 9

random

For any experiment to be conclusive, it must be performed on a random sample.

Question 10

One key concept of ______’s Theory of Cognitive Development is accommodation–altering your way of thinking in response to new information.

Answer 10

Piaget

Accommodation occurs when a person must change their current world view in response to a situation.

Question 11

_______ in Piaget’s theory, are ones organized mental representations of the world

Answer 11

Schemas

Question 12

Equilibrium is a term used by Piaget to describe a hypothetical innate drive that forces a person to actively pursue cognitive __________. In this view, children have a natural inclination toward cognitive development.

Answer 12

adaptation

Question 13

According to Piaget, cognitive ______________ occurs when a new experience does not fit existing understanding.

Answer 13

disequilibrium

When this happens, an individual falls into a state of cognitive disequilibrium, a state of confusion brought on by this imbalance.

Question 14

The second purpose of classical conditioning is to create an ___________ between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would.

Answer 14

association

Association means that though initially the stimulus was unrelated to the response, the animal has learned to connect it with another stimulus which produces that response.

Question 15

Thorndike’s first of three observations was the “Law of ______,” which stated that behaviors followed by reward are strengthened and behaviors followed by punishment are weakened.

Answer 15

Effect

Punishment makes a behavior less likely to occur, whereas reward will strengthen a behavior, according to Thorndike.

Question 16

Law of Effect is a principle of learning that holds that ________ is acquired by the virtue of its consequences.

Answer 16

behavior

Behavior is a direct result of consequences that have occurred around that behavior.

Question 17

A negative ___________ means that increasing one factor reduces another factor.

Answer 17

correlation

A negative correlation between two factors means when one goes up, the other goes down.

Question 18

Thorndike called the pleasant events as satisfying and unpleasant events as ________, and both of them play a critical part in learning. Thorndikes Law of Effect defines what has become known as instrumental learning.

Answer 18

annoying

Question 19

Moreover, this law suggested a connection between the stimulus and the response, and not between the response and the ______.

Answer 19

reward

Question 20

According to __________s Law of Effect, the stimulus and response have a connection, whereas the response and the reward do not.

Answer 20

Thorndikes

Question 21

Operant Conditioning forms an ___________ between a behavior and a consequence.

Answer 21

association

Question 22

The Consequences of ________ according to Operant Conditioning:
Something Good can start or be presented;
Something Good can end or be taken away;
Something Bad can start or be presented;
Something Bad can end or be taken away.

Answer 22

Behavior

Question 23

Kohlberg defined three levels of moral reasoning–preconvention, conventional, and post conventional. An important aspect of conventional moral reasoning is that moral judgment is based on ________.

Answer 23

approval

Approval from family, peers, etc is important to a person who is in the Conventional Moral Reasoning stage.

Question 24

One criticism of Kohlberg’s research was that it was based almost entirely on research with ____ subjects.

Answer 24

male

Carol Gilligan believed Kohlberg overlooked significant gender differences

Question 25

Consequences have to be immediate, or clearly linked to the ________.

Answer 25

behavior

If the consequences are not appropriately linked to the behavior, and performed immediately to assure this link, an association will not be made.

Question 26

With verbal humans, we can explain the __________ between the consequence and the behavior, even if they are separated in time.

Answer 26

connection

Humans can also form verbal explanations for consequences, so the immediacy is not as critical.

Question 27

It has sometimes been said that “behave is what organisms do.” _________ is built on this assumption, and its goal is to promote the scientific study of behavior.

Answer 27

Behaviorism

Question 28

Social learning is defined as the process of learning by _________ the actions of other people.

Answer 28

observing

If a child witnesses her older brother earn good grades and receive praise from their parents, she may learn through this social learning process that she should work hard to make good grades as well to earn her parents praise, also.

Question 29

In social learning theory, anyone who demonstrates a behavior that other people observe are known as ______.

Answer 29

models

A model is a “role model” in a sense.

Question 30

Modeling is the acquisition of new responses through the _______ of another who responds appropriately.

Answer 30

imitation

Question 31

____________ approach to learning is also cognitive in nature, but his added a decidedly social aspect to the process and for that reason is often referred to as the social theory.

Answer 31

Albert Banduras

Question 32

Behaviorism was introduced (1913) by the American psychologist _____________, who insisted that behavior is a physiological reaction to environmental stimuli. He rejected the exploration of mental processes as unscientific

Answer 32

John B. Watson

Behaviorism is a school of psychology which seeks to explain animal and human behavior entirely in terms of observable and measurable responses to environmental stimuli.

Question 33

Skinner epitomized the ___________ approach more than any other psychologist.

Answer 33

behaviorist

Question 34

Perhaps the biggest strength of behaviorism and the resulting social learning and social cognitive theories are their ease of application to ____ world examples.

Answer 34

real

Behaviorisms greatest advantage is its applications to the real world.

Question 35

Information gathered for learning theories are often represented by statistics and facts, rather than theoretical concepts and _____. Therefore, applying them and measuring the outcome is much simpler.

Answer 35

ideas

Question 36

The _________ approaches developed from these theories are relatively simple and quick to administer.

Answer 36

treatment

Question 37

______ ________ programs typically have two goals : improve grades and improve defiant behavior.

Answer 37

Behavior modification

Question 38

A successful violent behavioral modification program teaches people of any age constructive outlets for their ______ without having to destroy items, relationships, or hurt those they love.

Answer 38

stress

Question 39

By definition, learning is “a relatively _________ change in behavior occurring as a result of experience.”

Answer 39

permanent

Learning cannot be observed; it must be inferred from observing behavior.

Question 40

The study of schedules of _____________ is, in effect, the study of the characteristics of well established behavior.

Answer 40

reinforcement

Question 41

There are three overridingly important principles to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement: First, the maintenance of behavior requires ______ reinforcement.

Answer 41

little

Question 42

The second principle to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement is–how reinforcement becomes _________ is a crucial determinant of our behavior.

Answer 42

available

Question 43

The third principle to keep in mind when looking at schedules of reinforcement is–the _______ of reinforcement availability is crucial in determining the control that it exerts over us.

Answer 43

context

Question 44

Many teachers use token _________ in order to encourage appropriate classroom behavior.

Answer 44

economies

Question 45

Token economies require high levels of teacher commitment, time and skill and should be undertaken only when less intrusive measures, such as _____________ and rule management have been tried and have failed.

Answer 45

reinforcement

Reinforcement refers to encouraging existing behaviors or teaching new ones–to encourage behavior is to reinforce it.

Question 46

Kohlberg’s Theory of _____ Development proposes three major levels of moral development, with two sub-stages for each level.

Answer 46

moral

Question 47

The first step in planning a token economy system is identifying _______ ________.

Answer 47

target behaviors

Question 48

With an intermittent reinforcement schedule, where a behavior is reinforced sometimes, instead of all the time, ________ takes longer.

Answer 48

extinction

Question 49

Cognitive Learning Theory is a general approach that views learning as an ______ mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge.

Answer 49

active

Question 50

The cognitive learning theory requires _______ active processes in the brain.

Answer 50

several

Learning itself is not directly observable–you look for changes in behavior to indicate that learning has occurred.

Question 51

Stimuli produces _____ activity, which stores the information in short term memory.

Answer 51

brain

Question 52

________ memories are vivid, long lasting and detailed memories caused by highly significant events.

Answer 52

Flashbulb

Question 53

The information is moved from the short term to the long term memory according to its meaning, after it has been ___________.

Answer 53

assimilated

From the short-term memory, the stimulus experiences an assimilation process, placing it into long-term memory.

Question 54

This information is ________ with further information to produce new knowledge or it is transformed into an action.

Answer 54

combined

The information that has been assimilated is transferred either into knowledge or action, depending on the type of information.