Bio Ch 3

Question 0

Inorganic chemistry

Answer 0

the chemistry of nonliving matter

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

the chemistry of living organisms

Question 2

Organic molecules

Answer 2

molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 3

Biomolecules

Answer 3

4 classes of organic compounds in any living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 4

Functional group

Answer 4

specific combo of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton

Question 5

Hydrophobic

Answer 5

not soluble in water

Question 6

hydrophilic

Answer 6

soluble in water

Question 7

Isomers

Answer 7

(Greek, isos, equal & meros, part/portion); organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms

Question 8

Polymers

Answer 8

largest of the biomolecules; constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit

Question 9

Monomers

Answer 9

subunits of polymers

Question 10

Dehydration reaction

Answer 10

chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond

Question 11

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 11

(Greek, hydro, water; lyse, break); opposite of dehydration reaction; breaks down biomolecules by adding water to them; an -OH group from water attaches to one subunit and an -H from water attaches to the other subunit

Question 12

Enzyme

Answer 12

required for cells to carry out dehydration and hydrolysis reactions; a molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together and helping them to form new molecules; it participates in the reaction but is unchanged by it

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

almost universally used as an immediate energy source in living things; also play structural role in a variety of organisms; majority of carbohydrates have a carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1:2:1; “carbon-water”; includes single sugar molecules and chains of sugars; monomer subunits = monosaccharides assembles into long polymer chains called polysaccharides

Question 14

Monosaccharides

Answer 14

(Greek, monos, single & sacchar, sugar); consist of only a single sugar molecule; called simple sugars; can have a carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

6 carbon atoms; hexose; C6H12O6; critical to biological function

Question 16

Hexose

Answer 16

(Greek, hex, six); type of sugar with 6 carbon atoms

Question 17

Ribose & deoxyribose

Answer 17

5 carbon atoms; pentose sugars; significant b/c they are found respectively in the nucleic acids RNA & DNA

Question 18

Pentose sugar

Answer 18

(Gk, pent, 5); sugar with 5 carbon atoms

Question 19

Disaccharide

Answer 19

Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

polymers of monosaccharides; some are short-term energy storage molecules; when an organism requires energy, the polysaccharide is broken down to release sugar molecules; helical shape

Question 21

Starch

Answer 21

storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains; plants store glucose as this

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

animals store glucose as this; storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

structural polysaccharide in plants

Question 24

Chitin

Answer 24

structural polysaccharide in animals & fungi

Question 25

Peptidoglycan

Answer 25

structural polysaccharide in bacteria

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

(Gk, lipos, fat); insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains; class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and olis

Question 27

Trans-fats

Answer 27

unintended consequence of hydrogenation; increase LDL/bad cholesterol, lower HDL/good cholesterol; increases risk of CHD & heart attack

Question 28

Fat

Answer 28

organic molecule that contains glycerol and 3 fatty acids; energy storage molecule

Question 29

Oil

Answer 29

triglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids & is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids

Question 30

Fatty acid

Answer 30

Consists of long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and an -COOH (carboxyl) group at one end; most contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule; either saturated or unsaturated

Question 31

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 31

have no double bonds between the carbon atoms & contain as many hydrogens as they can potentially hold

Question 32

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 32

have double bonds in the carbon chain, which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms; double bonds may have chemical groups arranged on the same side (termed cis configuration) or on opposite sides (termed trans configuration)

Question 33

Glycerol

Answer 33

3-carbon compound with 3 -OH groups; -OH groups are polar, making glycerol soluble in water

Question 34

Triglycerides

Answer 34

AKA fats/oils; 3 fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule

Question 35

Phospholipids

Answer 35

(Gk, phos, light & lipos, fat); contain a phosphate group; constructed like a fat, except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol, there is a polar phosphate group

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

lipids that have entirely different structures from those of fats; have skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings

Question 37

Waxes

Answer 37

long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols; solid at room temperature because they have a high melting point; hydrophobic, resistant to degradation

Question 38

Proteins

Answer 38

(Gk, proteios, 1st place); of primary importance to the structure & function of cells; as much as 50% of the dry weight of cells consists of proteins; functions = metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion

Question 39

Hemoglobin

Answer 39

complex protein that transports oxygen to tissues & cells

Question 40

Peptide bond

Answer 40

resulting covalent bond between 2 amino acids

Question 41

Peptide

Answer 41

2+ amino acids bonded together

Question 42

Polypeptide

Answer 42

chain of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Question 43

Amino acid

Answer 43

protein monomer with an -NH2 (amino) group & a -COOH (acid) group; 3rd group = R (rest of molecule)

Question 44

Fibrous proteins

Answer 44

structural proteins, exist only as helices or pleated sheets that hydrogen-bond to each other; ex. keratin, silk

Question 45

Globular proteins

Answer 45

ball up into rounded shapes; have tertiary structure; most of the proteins in the body; soluble in water or salt solution; includes albumins, globulin, histones

Question 46

Denatured

Answer 46

when a protein loses its natural shape

Question 47

Chaperone proteins

Answer 47

help new proteins fold into their normal shape

Question 48

Prions

Answer 48

misfolded proteins that cause other proteins of the same type to fold the wrong way

Question 49

Nucleic acids

Answer 49

polymers of nucleotides, store info, include instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions

Question 50

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 50

type of nucleic acid that not only stores info about how to copy/replicate itself, also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein

Question 51

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 51

type of amino acid with multiple uses; messenger RNA = temporary copy of a gene in the DNA that specifies what the amino acid sequence will be during the process of protein synthesis; transfer RNA = necessary in synthesizing proteins, helps translate the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene into the correct sequence of amino acid during protein synthesis; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = enzyme to form the peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 52

Coenzymes

Answer 52

nonprotein organic molecules, help regulate enzymatic reactions

Question 53

ATP

Answer 53

adenosine triphosphate; special nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for synthetic reactions and for various other energy-requiring processes in cells

Question 54

Nucleotide

Answer 54

monomer of DNA & RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base & a phosphate group; composed of 3 types of molecules: pentose sugar, phosphate (phosphoric acid), & a nitrogen-containing base

Question 55

Complementary base pairing

Answer 55

between strands of DNA, thymine (T) is always paired with adenosine (A) & guanine (G) is always paired with cytosine (C); number of purine bases (A & G) always = number of pyrimidine bases (T & C)

Question 56

ADP

Answer 56

adenosine diphosphate; nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP