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BIO EXAM CP Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

how would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?

A

They don’t have a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

what cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains and stores DNA

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5
Q

what organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?

A

lysosomes

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6
Q

what organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

the solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell.- what is this

A

hypertonic solution

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8
Q

the concentration of solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell.- what is this?

A

isotonic solution

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9
Q

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration- what is this?

A

osmosis

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10
Q

molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrabe, pass through special protein channels.- what is this?

A

facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high concentration of that substance to areas of lower concentration.

A

diffusion

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12
Q

the movement of the materials accross the cell membrane w/o using cellular energy.

A

passive transport

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13
Q

an organism must maintain a relatively constant internal physical and chemical condition.- what is this?

A

homeostasis

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14
Q

water channel proteins that allow water to flow through the membrane- what is this?

A

aquaporin

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15
Q

large liqiuds are taken into the cell

A

pinocytosis

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16
Q

large solids are taken into the cell

A

phagocytosis

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17
Q

the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles

A

exocytosis

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18
Q

a vesicle forms that large molecules, clump of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (bulk transport)- what is this?

A

endocytosis

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19
Q

the movement of molecules against a concentration differennce from an area of low cocentration to an area of higher concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY!!!!

A

active transport

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20
Q

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell.

A

hypotonic solution

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21
Q

what happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? *know the model HYPER DIE

A

the red blood cell shrivels bc of loss of osmotic pressure

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22
Q

what happens to a red blood cell when placed in a isotonic solution? *know the model

A

red blood cell stays the same bc osmotic pressure stays the same

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23
Q

what happens to a red blood when placed in hypotonic solution? *know the model HYPO BLOW

A

the red blood cell (RBC) will LYSE (explode) bc osmotic pressure increased

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24
Q

the compound used by cells to store and release energy in order for the cell to do mechanical functions.

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphophate)

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25
what does ATP consist of? (3 thing)
1. an adenine 2. a 5 crabon sugar called ribose 3. a 3 phosphate group
26
energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken thus creating what?
ADP
27
organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
heterotrophs
28
organisms that are capable of making their own food.
autotrophs
29
autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy crabohydrates-- suagars and startches-- that can be used as food- what is this?
photosynthesis
30
light absorbing molecules
photosynthetic pigments
31
what are photosynthetic organelles called?
chloroplasts
32
chlorophyll pigments are in what membrane?
thylakoid membrane
33
what is a granum?
stack of thylakoids
34
chlorophyll absorbs light energy causing the electrons to become what?
energized
35
what is the photosynthesis balanced equation?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
36
what is a light dependent reaction?
first set of reactions
37
where do light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
38
where do organisms get the energy that they need?
from food.
39
the amount of energy needed to raise the tenpertaure of 1 gram of water to 1 degree celcius is known as what?
calorie
40
cells prefer to break bonds gradually and use what to produce other compounds like ATP
the stored energy
41
what is the cell respiration formula?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
42
what are the stages of cellular respiration in order? (3)
1. glycolysis 2. The Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
43
pathways that require oxygen (in air)
aerobic
44
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid- what is this known as?
glycolysis
45
what gives a net gain pf 2 ATP per molecule of glucose?
ATP production
46
pyruvic acid is broken down into crabon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps. Oxygen has to be present.- what is this?
Krebs Cycle
47
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
ATP= 38% total energy in glucose
48
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?- from glycolysis
2
49
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration? from krebs cycle
2
50
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration? from ETC
34 ATP
51
when a cell becomes larger, what is there a greater demand on?
DNA
52
what happens to the volume when a cell becomes larger?
it increases faster than the surface area
53
what happens if a cell becomes too large?
the cell membrane cannot get rid of wastes or bring in enough materials like food.
54
whta solves the problem of a cell becoming too big?
cell division because the cell divides into 2 daughter cells.
55
what does the cell do so that each cell has th exact same amount of original DNA?
it copies all DNA
56
in what reproduction is the offspring genetically identical to the single parent
Asexual
57
in what reproduction is there no exchange of DNA informtaion so no genetic diversity?
Asexual
58
in what reproduction does it provide genetic diversity of the continuation of a species?
sexual
59
how many phases are there in interphase and what are they follwed by?
it has 3 phases which are followed by cell divison.
60
what phase involves cell growth?
G 1 phase
61
what phase involves DNA replication?
S phase
62
what phase involves preparing for cell division (mitosis)
G 2 phase
63
in what phase do cells increase in size?
G 1 phase
64
in what phase is there intense growth and activity?
G 1 phase
65
when are centrioles duplicated?
in G 1 phase
66
in what phase is new DNA synthesized when the chromosomes replicate?
S phase
67
when do chromosomes become visible?
in M phase (cell divison)
68
what are the mitosis phases in order?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
69
what is the longest phase of mitosis?
prophase
70
when do the duplicated strands (sister chromatid) attach at the center (centromere)?
in prophase
71
in what mitosis phase do the centrioles begin moving to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubles) connect between them?
prophase
72
in what phase do the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres?
metaphase
73
in what phase does the spindle tell- the sister chromatids seperate at the centromere?
anaphase
74
in cytokinesis does a cell plate form in between the rigid cell wall in plant or animal cells?
plant cells

bio (4 decks)

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