Bio Tech Flashcards
Genotype
The articulation of the genes controlling a given trait
Phenotype
The appearance of the trait
Incomplete dominance
Offspring displays a mixture the parental characteristics.
Sex-linked characteristics
Genes that are on the X chromosome
Autosomal chromosomes
Chromosomes other than the X and Y chromosomes
Any genes on the X chromosome in males are on their own, If the one gene is defective,
defects will be expressed
Sickle cell anemia:
is an autosomal recessive disease and causes impairment in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions
An individual with blood type A
may carry the gene for blood type O
Autosomal dominant diseases
are expressed in all bearers of the defective gene
If you are a color blind male:
none of your sons will be color-blind
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The use of heat to denature a strand of DNA, ending up with two strands. A primer, Anneal, is used to signal the starting point for the elongation of the DNA strand by Taq polymerase. Nucleotides are added.
Gel Electrophoresis
The process of separating fragments of DNA based on size with the use of electrical charge in Gel.
Reverse Transcriptase
Makes cDNA in a test tube. This enzyme makes a DNA strand complementary to RNA molecules used as a template.
rDNA
contains a segment of DNA from a foreign source
Restrictive enzymes
will dissect DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, are naturally occurring, exist in great variety, and cut the DNA so as to create sticky ends.
Sequencing DNA
Can be done using a combo of chemicals that stop synthesis at known points and separate segments of DNA of different length by gel electrophoresis and using DNA probes that have the mirror of the base sequences you are looking for.
Vectors
are a form of genetic material suitable for transport into living cells and include artificial chromosome
Artificial chromosomes
contain telomeres, a centromere, and a binding site for DNA polymerase
Altering the genome of a cell
may cause chromosomal damage, interrupt normal gene expression, cause cancer,
requires the use of a vector to introduce new genetic material,
can be done in the form of artificial chromosomes,
has been done successfully in human clinical trials.
Microarrays
are a collective of DNA fragments from a specific genome, such as a specialized cell
Nuclear probes
are used to find a given base sequence within a DNA fragment, rely on the inclination of single-stranded DNA to mate with single strands with matching base sequences, carry either a fluorescent or a radioactive label, and provide a means to visualize a gene.
DNA Ligase is important because
It induces the union of single-stranded DNA segments with matching base pairs into a double-stranded segment and enables hybridization
The sticky ends created by restriction enzymes are important because
they provide a means to insert new DNA with matching base pairs into a given DNA segment.
Undifferentiated Cells
also known as stem cells. These cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to reproduce indefinitely. Stem cells are considered primitive and when found in a given organ, appear to differentiate into cells found in that organ.
