Kreb’s cycle in eurokaryotic cells takes place where?
The inner membrane of mitochondria
Name the element that is the final acceptor of electrons and protons?
Oxygen
Minimum # of calories needed for Brain cells?
500
Name compounds or foods that are mood changers?
Sugary foods
Foods used by brain cells?
Glucose
In the first step of krebs cycle what happens to acetic acid?
It bonds with CoA and forms acetyl CoA
Piruvic molecules are transferred to the mitochondria from where?
The cytoplasm
What causes leg cramps?
High levels of lactic acid
Soy sauce is formed from soybeans in what process?
Fermentation of fungi
Sour taste in milk comes from?
Lactic acid
Name the product or compound formed in the first step of alcoholic fermentation?
Acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide
At what point in the anabolic pathway is ATP not synthesized?
Alcoholic fermentation, NAD+
How are glucose molecules broken down in absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
of net ATP during glycolysis?
2
Aerobic catabolism of one glucose molecule produces what?
6 molecules of H2O and Co2
Total # of ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration?
36
In mature red blood cells what do they not contain?
Any of the organelles
What causes the destruction of red blood cells?
Rise of disorderliness
Lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
How is the oxygen molecule transported in humans?
Hemoglobin
Fundamental laws of matter in the matter in the universe that all things tend toward what?
Disorder
Living cells depend upon flow of what materials?
Water, nutrients, and iron
Cellular instruction matinence and synthesis is governed by what structure in the cell?
Nucleus or nucleoid region
The site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Name an organelle that provides continued energy to the cell?
Mitochondria
Energy neither destroyed or created? True or false
True, due to first law
Energy flow from one set of compounds to another in a cell is accomplished by what?
Chemical reaction, ex. Conversion of glucose to glycogen
Formation of a new compound in a chem. reaction?
Product
Chem. reaction that produces heat?
Exogenic
Chem. reaction that brings about energy changes within a living cell?
Metabolism
Name molecules that act as agents in energy flow?
Enzymes
Name cells main energy carrier?
ATP
Adenosine is composed of what?
Adenine and ribose, it has 5 carbon sugars w/N containing base
ATP molecules are made of?
Adenosine, and triphosphate
When is a chem. equilibrium established?
When the rate of forward reaction is = to a backward reaction
What kind of gas does carbonated beverages contain?
Carbon dioxide
Energy needed in a chem. reaction to reach a transitional state?
Activation energy
Factors that will speed up chemical reaction?
Heat, catalase, increase reaction, decrease product
Fluid inside of cells?
Intracellular fluid
Movement of molecule from high to low concentration ?
Passive transport
When concentration of solutes inside and outside are the same?
Isotonic
What kind of molecules are enzymes?
Protein molecules
What prevents excessive water gain by plants?
Turgor pressure
Osmotic balance in the cell is maintained by what mechanism?
Sodium potassium pump
What mechanism supplies energy in to red blood cell?
Glucose molecule
Organisms used in baking, and beer making?
Cyclosis
Glycolysis of glucose in absence of oxygen?
Lactic acid and alcohol
Catabolic pathways of glucose molecules?
Fermentation
Which of the following molecules are nucleotides?
ATP, ADP, and AMP
All of them
Oxidation involves what?
Loss of electrons and reduction is gain of electrons
Electron transport to and from ATP
Fhdh2, NAPH, NAPA and cytochrome
In a oxidation reduction reaction the loss of electrons is what?
Oxidation reduction reaction (gain of electrons)
Which are coenzymes?
NAD+ or FAD
All the above
Precursors to pro enzymes are?
Vitamins
Organisms that survive on preformed food?
Heterotroph
Facts of Glycolysis?
- Takes place in cytoplasm
- 3 billion years old
- Takes place in the presence or absence of oxygen
- Involves a specific set of enzymes