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Term 2! > BIOL 273 - Unit 6.1 +6.2 > Flashcards

BIOL 273 - Unit 6.1 +6.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are key features of the immune system

A
  • Lymphoid tissues and immune cells
  • Chemicals that coordinate and execute function
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2
Q

What are the three major functions of the immune system

A
  1. Protecting the body
  2. Remvoes dead/damaged tissue and cells
  3. Tries to recognize and remove abnormal cells
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3
Q

Pathologies when the immune system does not perform normally

A

Incorrect response (autoimmunity)
Overreactive response (allergies)
Lack of response (Immunodeficiency)

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4
Q

What are pathogens and the types of pathogens

A

disease causing agents
- Bacteria 🧫
- Viruses 🦠

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5
Q

Bacteria 🧫

A
  • Can be intracellular or extracellular
  • surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall
  • survive and reproduce outside host
  • most can be killed by drugs (antibiotics)
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6
Q

Viruses 🦠

A
  • Intracellular pathogens
  • not cells - cannot produce alone
  • some have envelope derived from host cell membrane
  • cannot be killed by antibiotics (instead antiviral drugs)
  • new viral particles can either rupture host cell or bud off from host cell
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7
Q

Immune system organs are called what and why

A

lymphoid organs because they have lymphocytes (subset of leukocytes)

lymphoid organs are connected by blood vessels and the lymph vessels

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8
Q

Lymph

A

conduit for immunologically active cells to travel through

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9
Q

Regions of the body outside lymphoid organs

A

periphery

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10
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Organs where lymphocytes develop
- Bone marrow - B lymphocytes mature
- Thymus - T lymphocytes mature

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11
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Organs where lymphocytes interact and initiate responses
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and Gut Associated Lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Filters blood and lymph for pathogens and pathogen containing lymphocytes

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12
Q

Describe the two structures of the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Afferent lymph vessel: brings in lymphocytes from periphery (towards secondary lymphatic organ)

Efferent lymph vessel: allows them to keep circulating (exiting secondary lymphatic organ)

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13
Q

What is it called when there is a fibrous connective wall on secondary lymphoid organs

A

Encapsulated (fibrous wall) ex. Spleen and lymph nodes

Diffuse (no wall) ex. Tonsils and GALT

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14
Q

What are the six main types of leukocytes cells

A
  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils (Mast cells)
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Monocytes (Macrophages)
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. Dendritic cells
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15
Q

What are Granulocytes (leukocytes)

A

cells that have prominent cytoplasmic granules

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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16
Q

What are phagocytes (leukocytes)

A

can engulf and ingest pathogens

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen

17
Q

What are cytotoxic cells (leukocytes)

A

(killer T-cells)
kill other cells, even self-cells

Eosinophils and some lymphocytes

ex. Tc lymphocytes, natural killer cells

18
Q

What are antigen presenting cells (APC’s) (leukocytes)

A

Display fragments or pathogens on cell surface

Some lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages

19
Q

Antigens (Ag)

A

antibody generator - substances that are recognized by an antibody and induces an immune response

20
Q

Antibodies (ab)

A

proteins that bind specifically to Ag’s and target pathogens for destruction

21
Q

Eosinophils (primary role and where is it found)

A

cytotoxic granulocytes with bright pink staining granules

Role in defence against parasites and function in allergic response (degranulate)

Found in digestive tract lungs, genital tract, and skin

22
Q

How do eosinophils respond to antigens and during allergic responses

A

respond by binding to an antibody-coated parasite and degranulate - spew granule contents

Granule contents ; damage and kill parasites - cytotoxic

Also degranulate in allergic responses

23
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes involved in allergic responses

have large dark blue staining granules (granulocyte)

Basophils in blood (rare in numbers), mast cells in tissue - found in digestive tract, lungs and skin

Granules contain histamine. heparin, cytokines

24
Q

How do basophils respond to allergic responses

A

degranulate

25
Q

Neutrophils

A

granulocytes that are phagocytic

Most abundant

leaves circulatory system to attack pathogens in tissues

Granules contain cytokines that cause fever and start other inflammatory responses

26
Q

Monocytes

A

precurser cells of tissue macrophages

move into tissues to become macrophages

function as scavengers and phagocytose bacteria

Have a role in adaptive immune response - phagocytosed pathogens are digested, and fragments are placed on the cell surface (APCs)

27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

key player in adaptive immune response

dont last long in circulation and mostly found in lymphoid tissues

28
Q

Dendritic cells

A

phagocytic antigen presenting cells (APCs) (like macrophages)

have long thin process

found in skin and organs

recognize and engulf pathogens (pathogens are digested and placed on cell surface)

Activated cells than migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to present the antigens to lymphocytes

29
Q

Describe the steps to the development of red blood

A

produced in bone marrow

derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

give rise to uncommitted stem cells

give rise to progenitor cells (that develop in each cell type)

30
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produced in the bone marrow

Produces antibodies - which can be found on the cell surface as receptors (which can then interact with antigens)

31
Q

Why are B lymphocytes called B lymphocytes

A

leaves the bone marrow to mature in the Bursa of fabricius

32
Q

T lymphocytes

A

produced in bone marrow but migrates to the thymus to mature

Use contact dependent signalling via T-cell receptor on T cell membrane via MHC antigen complexes

CANNOT bind to free antigens

33
Q

Why are T lymphocytes called T lymphocytes

A

because they mature in the thymus

34
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility complex
- proteins expressed on surface cells that display “self antigens” and “non self antigens” to T cells

35
Q

Two classes of MHC that interact with T cells and where are they located

A

Class I - on all nucleated cells
Class II - on APCs

36
Q

T cell subtype: Cytotoxic T cells / killer T cells

A

Recognizes Antigen presented on Class I MHC

Kills cell that expresses appropriate antigen

37
Q

T cell subtype: Helper T cells

A

Recognize antigen presented on Class II MHC

Promote differentiation of B cels and T cells and can activate macrophages

38
Q

T cell subtype: Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

A

recognize antigen presented on Class II MHC

Suppress other immune cells to prevent excessive immune responses

Term 2! (59 decks)

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