Biological Development in Infancy and Childhood Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
T or f? Sperm meets egg; a child is conceived.
A
T
2
Q
Some amount of chance is involved. T or f?
A
T
3
Q
What refers to the act of becoming pregnant?
A
Conception
4
Q
What involves the ovary’s release of a mature egg into the body cavity near the end of one of the fallopian tubes?
A
Ovulation
5
Q
Where does fertilization occur?
A
The third of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary
6
Q
T or f? Fertilization occurs during the exact moment sperm and egg meet.
A
T
7
Q
What is a zygote?
A
The genetic material in the egg and sperm that combine to form the single-cell.
8
Q
What chromosome do eggs contain?
A
X
9
Q
What chromosome(s) does sperm contain?
A
X or Y
10
Q
T or f? Eggs fertilized by sperm w/X = female and Y=male.
A
T
11
Q
T or f? The single-celled zygote begins a cell division process in which the cell divides to form 2 cells, then 4, 8, and so on.
A
T
12
Q
What refers to the period of time from conception to birth?
A
Gestation
13
Q
How can pregnancy be detected?
A
Using laboratory tests, by observing the mother’s phys symptoms, performing a phys exam.
14
Q
How accurate are lab tests and where can they be performed?
A
98 to 99 percent at a Planned Parenthood agency, a medical clinic, or a physician’s office
15
Q
How do pregnancy tests work?
A
By detecting human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in a woman’s urine or blood.
16
Q
How early can lab tests detect HCG?
A
8 days after conception
17
Q
T or f? The use of home pregnancy tests (HPTs) has become quite common.
A
T
18
Q
T or f? HPTs are more likely to be accurate if administered after more time has passed.
A
T
19
Q
Most HPTs function in a similar fashion. T or f?
A
T
20
Q
T or f? Most HPTs stress retaking the test a few days or a week later to confirm its accuracy.
A
T
21
Q
T or f? Because HCG increases as the pregnancy progresses, HPTs become more accurate as time goes on.
A
T
22
Q
T or f? Although research has suggested that most home preg. tests don’t consistently spot pregnancy early, hpts are deemed reliable when used according to package instruction 1 week after a missed period.
A
T
23
Q
T or f? Although HPTs can be highly accurate there is room for error.
A
T
24
Q
What can cause HPTs to be wrong?
A
Sunlight exposure, accidental vibrations, using an unclean container to collect urine, examining results too early or too late
25
T or f? Early knowledge of pregnancy is important either to begin early health care or to make a decision about terminating a pregnancy.
T
26
T or f? An average human pregnancy lasts about 280 days.
T
27
Each trimester is characterized by certain aspects of fetal development. t or f
T
28
The first trimester is sometimes considered the most critical. T or f?
T
29
T or f? Because of the embryo's rapid differentiation and development of tissue, the embryo is vulnerable to mom's intake of noxious substances and aspects of the mom's health.
T
30
By the end of the 1st month, what has developed?
Primitive heart, digestive system;
31
T or f? In the first month, the embryo bears little resemblance to a baby because its organs have just begun to differentiate.
T
32
The embryo begins to resemble human form more closely during the second month. T or f?
T
33
T or f? The 2-month old embryo is less than an inch long and weighs about 1/3 an ounce.
T
34
T or f? During the first trimester, the mom experiences various symptoms such as nausea, referred to as morning sickness; symptoms resemble those often cited by women when first taking birth control pills.
T
35
T or f? The 3rd month involves the formation of arms, hands, legs, and feet; fetal movement detected.
T
36
Fetal development continues during the second trimester. T or f?
T
37
The fetus starts to sleep and wake at regular times during the second trimester and its thumb may be inserted into its mouth. T or f?
T
38
For the mother, most of the unappealing symptoms of the first trimester subside by the second trimester but some women suffer edema, or water retention, which results in swollen hands, face, ankles, or feet. T or f?
T
39
T or f? The third trimester involves completing the development of the fetus. The brain and nervous system become completely developed.
T
40
T or f? An important concept that becomes relevant during the 6th and 7th months of gestation is viability.
T
41
What is viability?
The ability of the fetus to survive on its own if separated from the mom.
42
When does the viability issue become critical?
In the context of abortion.
43
T or f? For the mom, the third trimester may be a time of some discomfort.
T
44
In the third trimester, other normal weight increases include those of the uterus, blood, and breasts as part of the body's natural adaptation to pregnancy. T or f?
T
45
T or f? Numerous factors can influence the health and development of the fetus and these include the mom-to-be's nutrition, drugs and meds, alcohol intake, smoking habits, age, maternal stress, and other factors.
T
46
T or f? A pregnant women is indeed eating for two.
T
47
T or f? A women who is underweight before pregnancy might require a greater weight gain to maintain a healthy pregnancy.
T
48
Being underweight or overweight poses risks to the fetus. T or f?
T
49
Because the effects of many drugs on the fetus are unclear, pregnant women are cautioned to be wary of drug use. T or f?
T
50
What are substances, including drugs, that cause malformation in the fetus.
Teratogens
51
What was a type of tranquilizer that was found to produce either flipperlike appendance in place of arms or legs, or no arms or legs at all?
Thalidomide
52
Non-prescription, otc drugs like aspirin or caffeine, and vitamins should be consumed with care. T or f?
T
53
It is difficult to separate out the direct effects of specific drugs because of numerous other factors involved.
T
54
T or f? Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is a condition that manifests relatively less severe problems than fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), presumably resulting from lower levels of alcohol consumption.
T
55
What factor is associated w/low birth weight, preterm births, breathing difficulties, fetal and crib death?
Smoking
56
T or f? Some research found a relationship between mom's smoking during pregnancy and a child having behavioral and emotional problems when the child reaches school age.
T
57
T or f? Lower income level and socioeconomic class are other factors that can pose health risks to any mother and her fetus.
T
58
Prevention of rubella is possible by vaccination; however, this should not be done during pregnancy because it can harm the fetus. T or f?
T
59
STIs may be transmitted from mom to newborn in womb, during birth, or afterward. T or f?
T
60
The pregnant woman's age may affect both the woman and the child. T or f?
T
61
Teen moms account for what percentage of US births?
12
62
As women age, chronic illnesses such as high bp, diabetes may also present pregnancy- and birth-related complications. T or f?
T
63
Women with high levels of stress are more likely to engage in using tobacco or alcohol. T or f?
T
64
T or f? The second dimension of the mind was composed of the id, superego, and ego. T or f?
T
65
The id, superego, and ego are interrelated and impact the functioning of each other. T or f?
T
66
What is the primitive psychic force hidden in the unconscious?
The Id
67
The id's relationship w/ego allows a person to rationally determine a means to fulfill the need. T or f?
T
68
The ego then helps the person figure out how to get it. T or f?
T
69
What is the rational component of the mind?
The ego
70
What is the third component of this dimension of the mind; this is aka the conscience?
The superego
71
T or f? A person would use the ego to rationally determine a means of getting what the id wanted, regardless of the consequences of other people.
T
72
Who came to realize that many people had sexual conflicts, and he made sexuality a focus of his theories?
Freud
73
What did Freud think sexuality included?
Physical love, affectionate impulses, self-love, love for parents and children, and friendship associations.
74
Freud further conceptualized that people in their development of personality progressed through how many consecutive phases?
5
75
Freud's phases of psychosexual and personality dev include what five phases?
The oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
76
This phase extends from birth to approximately 18 months.
Oral
77
What stage usually begins at the time when the Oedipus/Electra complexes are resolved and ends w/puberty (The child can now be socialized and involved in education and learning)?
Latency
78
This stage, which occurs from puberty to death, involves mature sexuality.
Genital
79
From ages 3 through 5, the child's attention shifts to the genital. T or f?
True
80
What character traits from fixation are apt to develop during the phallic stage?
pride, promiscuity, and self-hatred
81
Between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, a child's activities are mainly focused on giving and withholding, primarily connected w/retaining and passing feces. What stage is this?
Anal
82
People fixated at the anal stage have what type of character traits?
Messiness, stubbornness, rebelliousness; or they may have a reaction formation and have such opposite traits as being meticulously clean and excessively punctual.
83
T or f? Freud theorized that personality development was largely finished by the end of puberty, w/few changes thereafter.
T
84
T or f? In addition to unresolved traumatic events, Freud thought that internal unconscious processes could also cause disturbances.
T
85
Fixations at early stages of development were another source that largely prevented development at later stages and led the person to display undesirable personality traits like messiness or stubbornness. T or f?
T
86
T or f? As indicated earlier, the main source of anxiety was thought to be sexual frustrations.
T
87
An obsession (a recurring thought such as a song repeatedly in your mind) and a compulsion (an act a person feels driven to repeat, often against his/her will, like an urge to step on every crack of a sidewalk were thought to be mechanisms through which a person was working off energy connected w/disturbing unconscious material. T or f?
T
88
Unconscious processes were thought to be the causes of all types of mental disorders and unconscious processes were almost always connected w/traumatic experiences, especially those in childhood. T or f?
T
89
What is the careful examination and eval of beliefs and actions to establish an independent decision about what is and is not true?
Critical thinking
90
T or f? Critical thinking can be used concerning almost any issue, condition, statement, or theory, including psychodynamic theory.
T
91
Who was virtually the first to focus on the impact of the family on human dev?
Freud
92
T or f? The work of Freud is seriously criticized.
T
93
What are some criticisms of Freud's work?
Research doesn't support the existence or effectiveness of his therapeutic method; you can't locate the superego, there is a lack of clarity on his ideas, especially regarding the Oedipus and Electra complex, and women don't get an equal or positive status w/in the theory.
94
T or f? Since Freud's time, many other theorists have modified and expanded on his ideas.
T
95
In gen, other theorists focused more on the ego and surrounding social env than role of instincts, libido, and psychosexual stages which was central to Freud's perspective. T or f?
T
96
Who lived from 1875 to 1961, was a Swiss psychologist originally associated w/Freud; he developed analytic psychology, which was his own approach to psych?
Carl Jung
97
T or f? Jung minimized the role sexuality plays in emotional disorders.
T
98
Who used psychoanalysis as a tool for understanding various social and historical processes and the behavior of political leaders; he came to the U.S. from Germany in 1934?
Erich Fromm
99
He was associated w/Freud in his earlier years, broke w/him in 1911 due to his rejection of the libidinal theory; he theorized that each person's unique striving process is self-defeating due to inferiority feelings.
Alfred Adler
100
What are the 5 steps in the dev of a feminist id?
1. Passive acceptance
2. Revelation
3. Embeddedness
4. Synthesis
5. Active commitment
101
The med model conceptualizes emotional and behavioral probs as mental illnesses. T or f?
T
102
In the 1960's, sw began questioning the usefulness of the medical model.
T
103
Antipov programs like Head Start and Job Corps are ex of efforts to change sys to benefit clients. T or f?
T
104
In the past several decades, sw has increasingly focused on using a sys approach to viewing clients and the world surrounding them. T or f?
T
105
T or f? Human beings are viewed as being in constant interaction w/other micro, mezzo, and macro sys w/in social env.
T
106
What involves the ability to take in info, process it, store it and finally retrieve and use it?
Cognition
107
Theory helps sw decide how to help people.
T
108
Who postulated that virtually all people learn to think in the same way?
Piaget
109
Behavioral or learning theories differ from many other personality theories in one basic way; instead of focusing on internal motivations, needs, perceptions, behave theories concentrate on specific observable behaviors. T or f?
T
110
What theories focus on particular individuals' perceptions of the world and how these individuals feel about these experiences?
Phenomenological or self theories
111
One of the ebst-known self theorists is who and is the founder of the person-centered (previously known as client-centered) therapy which is based on his self-theory.
Carl Rogers
112
T or f? Neo-Freudians have had a great impact on the way we think about ourselves and on the ways in which we view psychotherapy.
T
113
Of all the neo-Freudians, Harry Stack Sullivan, an American psychiatrist who lived from 1892 to 1949 made a radical deviation from Freudian theory; he emphasized that each individual personality developed on the basis of interpersonal relationships. T or f?
T
114
T or f? Sullivan placed greater emphasis upon developmental child psych than did Adler and proposed six developmental stages ranging from infancy to late adolescence.
T
115
T or f? Social interest is an inborn train and guides each person's behavior and stresses cooperation w/others.
T
116
Becoming self-actualizing individuals is an ongoing process rather than a final destination. T or f?
T
117
Rogers maintains that there is a natural tendency toward self-actualization. What is self-actualization?
The tendency for every person to develop capacities that service to maintain or enhance the person.
118
T or f? People are naturally motivated toward becoming fulfilled through new experiences.
T
119
In contrast to Freud, how did Rogers view human beings?
Good as opposed to evil
120
The driving force in personality development is seen by client-centered theorists as the "what" motive?
The self-actualization motive seeks to optimally develop a person's capacities.
121
T or f? Although self-actualization is a natural process as people mature, they often encounter barriers.
T
122
What is 1 type of barrier to self-actualization?
Introjection- taking on of others values that are inconsistent w/his/her self-actualizing motive.
123
What are examples of incongruence?
Child introjecting values from her parents that sex is dirty or dancing is bad.
124
When does incongruence occur?
When a discrepancy exists between a person's ideal self and real self, or self-concept and experience resulting in tensions, anxiety, and internal confusion.
125
T or f? Out of the variety of experiences of frustration or satisfaction of the need for positive regard, the person develops a sense of "self-regard" which is the learned perception of self-worth that is based on the perceived attention and esteem received from others.
T
126
T or f? Clients come to the counselor in a state of incongruence.
T
127
What does therapeutic change depend on?
Client's perceptions both of their own experience in therapy and of the counselor's basic attitudes.
128
T or f? Each stage of cognitive development is characterized by certain principles or ways in which an individual thinks.
T
129
In order to understand my clients, what do I need to do?
I need to think of each individual as a system that grows and changes over time.
130
True or false? Early life affects later life.
True
131
How can I understand the needs of a client?
I must pay attention to how the different aspects of the person are interacting and affecting each other (Bio, psycho, social, spiritual)
132
True or false? In order to prepare you to do assessments, we will be teaching you about the biological, psychological and social changes that occur at each stage of development. This is a transactional process. For example, if a young child is born many weeks premature and has to remain in the hospital in an incubator this biological fact may impact their cognitive development, their social connection with their parents who may not be able to hold her. The biological fact of a premature birth may also impact the young child’s psychological, cognitive and social experience.
True
133
True or false? As a social worker, you also want to think about the young child’s environment and how this atypical birth has effected the mother, father and siblings. What supports does the family have?
True
134
Imagine your client is a mother with a two-year-old child.She comes to a community mental health clinic because she is worried that her two- year-old is not yet walking or saying more than two words.
In order to help her, what do I need to know? What does an assessment require?
I need to know what is the expectable developmental time table for toddlers to begin walking and talking.
135
True or false? Clients vary. The clients you will be working with are going to be remarkably varied. They will include for example adolescents, young toddlers, seniors and the caregivers of people with Alzheimer's. In addition, the environments they live in are going to each be unique. Some will live in housing projects in neighborhoods that are economically depressed, others will live in the suburbs, others will be in residential treatment centers, detox programs or living their last weeks in a hospital hospice program.
True
136
True or false? Environments are unique.
True
137
What are some unique environments?
Hospice, Housing Project, and Detox Treatment Center
138
What does the General Systems Theory include?
Social systems perspective and Ecological Perspective.
139
True or false? Using the social systems perspective or the ecological perspective (both of which derive from General Systems theory will allow you to make sense of the unique experience of your client on an individual and environmental level.)
True
140
What is human diversity?
Human diversity is the vast range of differences among groups, including those related to “age, class, color, culture, disability and ability, ethnicity, gender, gender identity and expression, immigration status, marital status, political ideology, race, religion/spirituality, sex, sexual orientation, and tribal sovereign status” (Council on Social Work Education [CSWE], 2015).
141
What does the cycle of assessment include?
Exploring and collecting relevant info, assessing, contracting, working, and evaluating
