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Flashcards in Biology 1 Final Review: Diversity Deck (133)
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1
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria that have chlorophyll a. Occur as single cells, colonies, filaments, or branched filaments. Many filaments produce specialized cells: dormant akinetes and nitrogen fixing heterocytes.

2
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Gram negative with high metabolic diversity. An alpha strain is thought to be the precursor to the mitochondrion.

3
Q

Domains of life

A
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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4
Q

Describe Archaea

A

Extremophiles in hot, salty, or acidic environments. Ether linked membranes phospholipids instead of ester linked

5
Q

Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Readily occurs in prokaryotes, and it happens via transduction, transformation, and conjugation. It helps rapid evolution of occur.

6
Q

Prokaryotic cell description

A

Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Some have complex structures like thykaloids, magnetosomes, and nucleus like bodies.

7
Q

Prokaryotic cell shapes

A

Spherical cocci; rod shaped bacilli; comma shaped vibrios; coiled spirochaetes and spirilli

8
Q

Biofilm formation

A

Many bacteria secrete a slimy mucilage, which plays a role in diseases and in the development of biofilms, which are bacterial colonies in this mucilage. Biofilm formation occurs via chemical communication called quorum sensing.

9
Q

Bacterial cell walls

A

Contain peptidoglycan, which is made of peptides and carbohydrates.

10
Q

Gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan layer and purple in color

11
Q

Gram negative

A

thin peptidoglycan layer enclosed by an outer lipopolysaccharide envelope, and pink in color.

12
Q

Prokaryotic motility

A

Some have gas vesicles to enable flotation; others swim via flagella; other glide or twitch via pili

13
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

Has a motor, hook, and filament. The motor is run on a H+ pump generated gradient. They are more complex than eukaryotic flagella.

14
Q

Replication

A

Populations increase most commonly via binary fission, which generated two clones of the single parent cell.

15
Q

Dormancy

A

Akinetes or endospores are tough, protective capsules in which the necessary organelles are encased to remain dormant until more favorable conditions.

16
Q

Nutritional modes

A

Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.

17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Requires the presence of oxygen to survive

18
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by the presence of oxygen

19
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Will not die in the presence of oxygen, but does not utilize oxygen.

20
Q

Facultative aerobes

A

Able to live with or with out oxygen

21
Q

Supergroups

A

Discoba; Land plants and relatives; aveolata; stramenopila; rhizaria; amoebozoa; and opisthokonta.

22
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic protists

23
Q

Protist Motility

A

Flagella (flagellates), cilia (ciliates), or pseudopodia (amoebae).

24
Q

Discoba

A

Flagellate protists characterized by disc shaped mitochondrial cristae. Many feed on particles via a feeding groove.

25
Q

Land Plants and relatives

A

Green algae and red algae which have primary plastids. Cryptomonads and haplophytes have secondary plastids.

26
Q

Alveolata

A

Ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates. These cells feature sac like membrane vesicles called aveoli. Dinoflagellates have secondary and tertiary plastids.

27
Q

Stramenopila

A

Flagella have straw like hairs that aid in swimming. Diatoms, brown algae, other algae, and some fungi like protists.

28
Q

Rhizaria

A

flagellates and amoebae with thin, hair like extensions of cytoplasm called filose pseudopodia. Chlorarachniophyta have secondary green plastids. Radiolaria are silicate shelled. Foraminifera have calcium carbonate shells.

29
Q

Amoebozae

A

Many types of amoebae and slime molds.

30
Q

Opisthokonta

A

Singular cells with a posterior flagella (NOT THE SAME AS THE BACTERIAL FLAGELLA!! SIMPLER AND CONVERGENT). Include fungal and animal kingdoms and choanoflagellates (animal ancestors).

31
Q

Phagotrophs

A

feed by ingesting particles

32
Q

Osmotrophs

A

absorb small organic molecules

33
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

make their own organic food using light.

34
Q

Mixotrophy

A

use both photoautotrophy and heterotrophy to obtain nutrients

35
Q

Protist defenses

A

sharp projectiles, light flashes, toxic compounds, and protective cell coverings.

36
Q

Protists asexual reproduction

A

involves mitosis and many persist through tough times by producing hard walled cysts.

37
Q

Protist sexual reproduction: zygotic life cycle

A

haploid cells develop into gametes, which fuse to form diploid zygotes. Zygotes often have a tough coating to stay dormant if needed.

38
Q

Protist sexual reproduction: sporic life cycle

A

A diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid reproductive cells, often called spores.

39
Q

Protist sexual reproduction: gametic life cycle

A

All cells but gametes are diploid. Increases genetic variation and helps diatoms regain maximum cell size.

40
Q

Streptophytes

A

Consists of streptophyte algae, which are primarily aquatic and have a zygotic life cycle.

41
Q

Embryophytes

A

Consists of Bryophytes and Tracheophytes. Primarily terrestrial, sporic life cycle with two generations (diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte), multicellular embryos nutritionally dependent on maternal tissues, spore producing sporangia, gamete producing gametangia, and sporopollenin walled spores.

42
Q

Bryophytes

A

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Dominant gametophyte generation; sporophytes are unbranched and unable to grow independently of the gametophyte.

43
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Lycophytes, Pteridophytes, and spermatophytes. Dominant sporophyte generation; ligin enforced water conducting tissue (xylem); specialized organic food conducting tissue (phloem); sporophytes branched and eventually independent of gametophyte.

44
Q

Lycophytes

A

Leaves generally small with a single vein that is unbranched (lycophylls). Sporangia on the sides of stems.

45
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Leaves relatively large with extensive branching of veins (Euphylls or megaphylls). Sporangia on leaves.

46
Q

Spermatopytes

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seeds present. Leaves are euphylls that evolved independently of pteridophyte euphylls.

47
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seed food stored prior to fertilization in female gametophyte. Seed exposed instead of in a fruit. Many produce wood via the vascular cambuim. Three extant phyla: cycads, Ginkgo, and conifers.

48
Q

Angiosperm

A

Fruits and flowers present. Seed food stored post fertilization in endosperm formed via double fertilization.

49
Q

Ancient plant effects on Earth

A

Altered earth’s ecology by altering CO2 levels in the atmosphere, which also resulted in a dryer, cooler earth. Early Bryophytes were exceptionally hard to decompose, so the carbon stayed trapped in them, instead of being returned to the atmosphere by respiring bacteria.

50
Q

Cretaceous-Paleogene Event influence in plant evolution

A

K/T event 65mya caused numerous gymnosperms to become extinct, so angiosperms could diversify and fill the empty niches in a similar manner to mammals filling in where the dinosaurs were removed.

51
Q

Advantages of seeds

A

Can be dormant; coatings can be designed to enhance dispersal (wings or fruity covering); SEVERED THE CONNECTION OF PLANTS TO THE WATER FOR REPRODUCTION!!

52
Q

Cycads

A

Tropical and subtropical regions. Palm like leaves, non woody stems, coralloid roots with symbiotic cyanobacteria, toxins, very large cone like seed producing structures.

53
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

produces ovules and seeds or pollen based on a sex chromosome system like us.

54
Q

Conifer

A

simple pollen cones and complex ovule producing cones. Many display adaptations to help them survive in cold climates.

55
Q

Flowers

A

Foster pollen dispersal and seed production. Major organs: sepals and petals (tepals), stamens, and carpels, which can occur in fused groups or singles. Carpels have a stigma to receive pollen, pollen tubes grow down the style, and the ovules develop in the ovary. Stigma, style, and ovary form the pistil. Pollen comes from the stamen. Ovules develop into seeds, and ovaries become fruits.

56
Q

Secondary metabolites

A

terpenes and terpenoids; phenolics; flavonoids and related compounds; and alkaloids, which help with plant structure, reproduction, and defense.

57
Q

Common animal traits

A

multicellularity, heterotrophs, no cell walls, nervous tissues, the capacity to move, sexual reproduction, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, special hox clusters, similar ribosomal RNA.

58
Q

Parazoa

A

Porifera (sponges).

59
Q

Eumetazoa

A

All animals except sponges.

60
Q

Radiata

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora.

61
Q

Bilateria

A

All Eumetazoa except the Radiata.

62
Q

Protostomia

A

Lophotochozoa and Ecdysozoan

63
Q

Deuterstoma

A

Echinodermata and Chordata

64
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Annelida. Have a lophophore (a ciliary feeding structure) or a trochophore larvae.

65
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Nematoda and Arthropoda

66
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges. Multicellular; no tissues; no organs; no germ layers; no symmetry; no head; no coelom; no segmentation; no digestive system; no circulatory system; no respiratory system; no excretory system; no nervous system; sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction; endoskeleton of spicules and collagen; toxins.

67
Q

Cnidaria and Ctenophores

A

Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa. Ctenophore: Comb Jellies. Multicellular; tissues; no organs; two germ layers; radial symmetry; no head; no coelom; no segmentation; Gastrovascular cavity (Cnidaria) or complete gut (Ctenophores); no circulatory system; no respiratory system; no excretory system; nerve net ; sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction; mesoglea between germ layers; cnidocytes are stinging cells in Cnidarians; bioluminescence in Ctenophores.

68
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms: Turbellaria (only free living phyla), Monogenea, Cestoda, and Trematoda. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; no coelom; no segmentation; Gastrovascular cavity; no circulatory system; no respiratory system; protonephridia with flame cells; Brain, cerebral ganglia, lateral nerve cords, and nerve net; sexual (hermaphroditic) and asexual (body splits) reproduction; parenchyma.

69
Q

Rotifera

A

Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; pseudocoelom; no segmentation; complete gut; no circulatory system; no respiratory system; protonephridia; brain and nerve cords; parthenogenetic reproduction (males rare); tissue support; have a muscular pharynx called a mastax.

70
Q

Bryozoa and Bryozoa

A

Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; reduced head; coelom; no segmentation; complete gut; open or closed circulatory system; no respiratory system; metanephridia; nerve ring; sexual (some hermaphroditic) and asexual (budding) reproduction; exoskeleton; have a lophophore.

71
Q

Mollusca

A

Polyplacophora (Chitons), Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; reduced coelom; no segmentation; complete gut; open circulatory system (closed in cephalopods); gills; metanephridia; ganglia and nerve cords; sexual (some hermaphroditic) reproduction; hydrostatic skeleton and shell. Basic body plan: foot, visceral mass, and mantle. Cephalopds are very derived in their form with a well developed brain and learning capacity.

72
Q

Annelida

A

Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; coelom; segmentation; complete gut; closed circulatory system; no respiratory system; metanephridia; brain and ventral nerve cord; sexual (some hermaphroditic) reproduction; hydrostatic skeleton.

73
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; pseudocoelom; no segmentation; complete; no circulatory system; no respiratory system; excretory tubules; brain and nerve cords; sexual (some hermaphroditic) reproduction; hydrostatic skeleton; sheds cuticle of collagen for growth (ecdysis).

74
Q

Arthropodia

A

Chellcerata, Myriapoda, Hexpoda, and Crustacea. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; reduced coelom; segmentation; complete gut; open circulatory system; trachea, gills, or book lungs; excretory glands; brain and ventral nerve cord; usually sexual (some hermaphroditic) reproduction; exoskeleton reinforced with chitin and shed for growth (ecdysis); some smaller segments are fused into larger segments called tagmata (tagmatization).

75
Q

Echinodermata

A

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, and Holothuroidea. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry in larvae, radial in adults; no head; coelom; no segmentation; complete gut; no circulatory system; tube feet with respiratory tree; no excretory system; nerve ring and radial nerve cords; sexual (some hermaphroditic), partheogenetic, asexual (regeneration) reproduction; endoskeleton beneath outer skin; water vascular system for locomotion.

76
Q

Chordata

A

Vertebrates, Urochordata, and Celphalochordata. Multicellular; tissues; organs; three germ layers; Bilateral symmetry; head; coelom; segmentation; complete gut; closed circulatory system; gills or lungs; kidneys; brain and dorsal hollow nerve cord; sexual reproduction; endoskeleton of cartilage or bone. Four key traits: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a postnatal tail.

77
Q

Modes of animal feeding

A

Predation, herbivory, parasitism, filter feeding, decomposition.

78
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Animal ancestors

79
Q

Types of germ layer

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

80
Q

Protosomes

A

Mouth develops from the blastopore created in gastrulation. Have spiral cleavage (at 45 degrees to axis). Has determinate cleavage, so embryo cells can not be separated to from two new embryos, for they would die.

81
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Anus develops from the blastopore created in gastrulation. Have radial cleavage (at 90 degrees to axis). Has indeterminate cleavage, so embryo cells could be separated and develop into two embryos.

82
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Presence of pathogen must correlate to presence of symptoms.
Pathogen must be isolated and cultured.
Cultured pathogen must cause the same disease when put into a healthy host.
The same pathogen should be isolatable from the second host.

83
Q

Coelomates

A

Have a fluid filled body cavity that is fully lined by the mesoderm. This is called a coelom.

84
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Have a partially mesoderm lined fluid filled cavity called the pseudocoelom.

85
Q

Acoelomates

A

Lack a fluid filled cavity.

86
Q

Segmentation

A

Division of the body into similar sub units called segments that can be specialized.

87
Q

Polyplacophora

A

Marine; 8 plated shell; chitons

88
Q

Gastropoda

A

Marine or freshwater or land; have coiled shell that may be absent in some; radula (mollusk specific teeth like structures) present; Snails and slugs.

89
Q

Bivalvia

A

Marine or freshwater; shell with two valves or halves; primarily filter feeders with siphons; clams, oysters, and mussels.

90
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Marine; predatory; tentacles with suckers around mouth; reduced or missing shell; closed circulatory system; well developed brain; jet propulsion via modified siphon; cuttlefish, squids, octopus, and nautilus.

91
Q

Chellcerata

A

Two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen; six pairs of appendages: four walking legs, one pair of fangs, and one pair of pedipalps; terrestrial; predatory or parasitic; mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions.

92
Q

Myriapoda

A

Highly segmented body with head. Millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment, are terrestrial, and herbivores. Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment, are also terrestrial, and are predatory with poisonous jaws.

93
Q

Hexapoda

A

Body with head, thorax, and abdomen. Mouth parts are varied: biting, chewing, sucking, or lapping. Usually have two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. Usually terrestrial, but some are aquatic. Herbivores, predators, and parasites. All insects.

94
Q

Crustacea

A

Body of two ore three parts with three or more pairs of legs. Has chewing mouth parts, a calcium carbonate reinforced exoskeleton, pincers, and usually marine.

95
Q

Coleoptera

A

Beetles and weevils

96
Q

Hymenoptera

A

Ants, bees, and wasps

97
Q

Diptera

A

Flies and mosquitoes

98
Q

Lepidoptera

A

Butterflies and moths

99
Q

Hemiptera

A

Assassin bug, bedbug, chinch bug, and cicada.

100
Q

Orthoptera

A

Crickets and grasshoppers

101
Q

Odonata

A

Damselflies and dragonflies

102
Q

Siphonaptera

A

Fleas

103
Q

Phthiraptera

A

Lice

104
Q

Isoptera

A

Termites

105
Q

Asteroidea

A

Sea stars; five arms; tube feet, predatory; eversible stomach; pedicellariae present for defense.

106
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars; five long, slender arms; tube feet not used to movement; filter feed on ocean floor; no pedicellariae.

107
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars; no arms; tube feet and movable spines; feed on sea weeds; pedicellariae present for defense.

108
Q

Crinoidea

A

Sea lilies or feather stars; cup shaped; attached to a surface via a stalk; feathers arms used for filter feeding

109
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers; no arms; spines absent; endoskeleton reduced; tube feet; browse on ocean floor; cucumber shaped.

110
Q

Cylcostomata

A

Lampreys and hagfish (myxini); jaw less fish with no appendages.

111
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, skates, and rays; cartilaginous skeleton, teeth that are not set in the jaw; no swim bladder; well developed fins; internal fertilization; single blood circulation; lateral line; ampullae of lorenzini

112
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned, bony fish; ossified skeleton; operculum covers gills; fins supported by rays; fin muscles within the body; swim bladder filled with gas; mucous glands on skin.

113
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Coelacanths (Actinistia) and lungfish (dipnoi); lobe finned; ossified skeleton; pectoral and pelvic fins have muscles and bones in them; Coelacanths have an oil filled swim bladder.

114
Q

Amphibia

A

Frogs and toads (Anuras), salamanders (Urodela), and caecilians (Apoda); adults live on land; freshwater needed for reproduction; development usually involves a metamorphosis from tadpoles; adults have lungs and double circulation blood; moist skin; shellless eggs.

115
Q

Reptilia

A

Testudines, squamata, cocodilia, and aves.

116
Q

Testudines

A

Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins; body encased in hard shell; head and neck retractable into shell; amniotic eggs.

117
Q

Squamata

A

Also called Lepidosouria; lizards and snakes; lower jaw not attached to skull; skull have multiple joints on top and lower jaw; scales; amniotic egg.

118
Q

Crocodilia

A

Crocodiles and alligators; four chambered heart; large aquatic predators; parental care of young; amniotic egg.

119
Q

Aves

A

Birds; feathers; hollow, honey combed bones; reduced internal organs; air sacs that contract to keep air in constant flow over the lungs; endotherms; four chambered heart; hard shelled eggs, instead of leathery; parental care.

120
Q

Mammalia

A

Mammary glands; specialized teeth; enlarged skull; external ears; hair; endotherms; four chambered heart; highly developed brains; diverse range of body forms; parental care.

121
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have vertebral column derived from the notochord to surround the dorsal hollow nerve cord; endoskeleton; a cranium.

122
Q

Gnathosomes

A

Jawed vertebrates that have a hinged jaw that was derived from the pharyngeal gill arches. Includes all vertebrates but lampreys and myxini/hagfish.

123
Q

Tetrapods

A

Gnathosomes with four limbs. Evolved from lobe finned fish. Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

124
Q

Amniotes

A

Tetrapods that lay amniotic eggs. The amniotic egg severed the tie animals had to the water for reproduction in a similar way seeds did for plants. Reptiles and mammals.

125
Q

Prototheria

A

Monotremes: platypus and echidna; lay eggs still

126
Q

Theria

A

Live bearing mammals

127
Q

Metatheria

A

Marsupials: short gestation that requires development out of mother in a pouch.

128
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental animals: longer gestation period with young born more developed.

129
Q

Primates

A

Oposable thumbs; nails in place of claws; large brain; binocular vision.

130
Q

Human evolution

A

Diverged from primates 6mya and were bipedal.

131
Q

Human evolution

A

Diverged from primates 6mya and were bipedal. There were several species at one time. Some went extinct, while others became new species.

132
Q

Out of Africa Hypothesis

A

Migration of homonins from Africa occurred at least three times, with homo sapiens gradually replacing the other species. Supported by mitochondrial DNA suggesting an “Eve” in East Africa. From there, homo sapiens spread to Asia, then every where else.

133
Q

Multiregional Hypothesis

A

Suggests that human groups evolved in a number of different parts of the world. Less favorable than the out of Africa hypothesis.