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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Blood is composed of different types of cells floating in a liquid called plasma.
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2
Q

What does blood contain?

A
  1. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and smaller particles called
    platelets.
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3
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen and contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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4
Q

What are white blood cells apart off?

A

White Blood Cells are part of the Immune System

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5
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White Blood Cells destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg. viruses

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6
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

A

There are two main types of white blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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7
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

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8
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies which destroy viruses

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9
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Antibodies have specific complementary binding sites for only one type of foreign particle eg. virus

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10
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.

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11
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding

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12
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

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13
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle and pumps continuously.

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14
Q

What are the different chambers or the heart?

A
  1. The heart has four different chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.
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15
Q

What does pulse show us?

A

Pulse can be a health indicator

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16
Q

What does the resting heart rate show about a person?

A
  1. The fitter the person the lower the resting heart rate
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17
Q

What does a very high pulse rate mean?

A
  1. A very high pulse rate is unhealthy & can lead to heart disease or stroke
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18
Q

How do yiu measure your pulse rate?

A

A stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope can be used as a low-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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19
Q

How do you measure your pulse rate electronically?

A

pulsometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer can be used as a high-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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20
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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21
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

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22
Q

What do veins contain?

A

.Veins contain valves which prevent backflow of blood

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23
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins

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24
Q

Oxygenated blood is rich in what?

A

Oxygen

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25
What is deoxygenated blood rich in?
Carbon dioxide
26
What are the four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart?
The four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart are the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and vena cava
27
What does the aorta do?
The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
28
What does the vena cava do?
The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
29
What does the pulmonary artery do?
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
30
What does the pulmonary vein do?
The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
31
Why is the muscular wall of the left side thicker than the right?
The muscular wall of the left-hand side of the heart is thicker than the right-hand side since it has to pump blood all round the body, whereas the right-hand side only has to pump it as far as the lungs
32
What does the coronary artery do?
The coronary artery supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood
33
What is it called when the heart contracts and pumps blood?
When the heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries under pressure, this pressure is called blood pressure
34
How is blood pressure measured?
Blood pressure can be measured using either a stethoscope & mercury manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer
35
When does systolic pressure occur?
Systolic pressure occurs when the heart beats & pumps blood into the arteries giving an average reading of 120 mmHg
36
When does diastolic pressure occur?
Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes & fills with blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg
37
What is the average blood pressure in an adult?
The average blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mmHg
38
What does high blood pressure indicate?
Blood pressure greater than 160/90mmHg indicates high blood pressure
39
What is high blood pressure caused by?
High blood pressure is caused by: being overweight; lack of exercise; incorrect diet (fat, salt); drinking alcohol excessively; stress
40
What can high blood pressure cause?
High blood pressure can cause heart attack and stroke
41
What can low blood pressure cause?
Low blood pressure can cause fainting and heart failure
42
What do lungs do?
Lungs inflate to take air into the body & deflate to remove air from body
43
What does the windpipe do?
Windpipe allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs
44
What is the bronchi?
Bronchi are the 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs
45
What are bronchioles
Bronchioles are branches from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs
46
What do air sacs do?
Air sacs allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood & carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs
47
What do ribs do?
Ribs shield or protect the lungs from damage
48
What ARE air sacs?
Arc sac is thin walled & surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)
49
What is your breathing rate?
Breathing rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute
50
What will cause breathing rate to alter?
Breathing rate will alter according to your level of activity
51
What differentiates breathing rate?
Breathing rate is different between individuals depending on their age, sex, fitness and state of health
52
What does exercise do to your breathing and why?
Exercise results in faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles & get rid of waste carbon dioxide
53
What is recovery time?
Recovery time is the time required after exercise for rate & depth of breathing to return to normal
54
What does a short recover time indicate?
Fitness
55
How can the efficiency of the lungs be measured?
The efficiency of the lungs can be measured using tidal volume, vital capacity and peak flow
56
What is tidal volume?
The tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath
57
Tidal volume varies depending on what?
Tidal volume varies depending on body size, age, sex & level of fitnes
58
What is vital capacity?
Vital capacity is a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible
59
What does vital capacity depend on?
Vital capacity varies depending on body size, age, sex and fitness
60
What is peak flow?
Peak flow is the maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs and is measured using a peak flow meter
61
What is asthma?
Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles) become narrower making breathing difficult causing wheezing

Biology (3 decks)

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