Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell consisting of a cell body, axon and dendrites.

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical releases from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells during a nerve impulse .

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5
Q

Reflex arc

A

A nervous pathway involving g a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ.

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6
Q

Conscious response

A

Actions taken after the brain receives information from one of the sense organs

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment of the body or part of the body.

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8
Q

Stimulus response model

A

Stimulus receptor control centre effector response

The model occurs when messages in the form of nerve impulses are sent to the control centre after a stimulus has been detected by a receptor.The message is then interpreted and the relevant response is sent to the effector.

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9
Q

Nervous system

A

The system of nerves and nerve centres in which messages are sent as an electrical impulses and then a chemical impulse. It comprises of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system.

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

a nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

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11
Q

Interneuron

A

A nerve cell that carries nervous impulses through the nervous system. They provide the link between sensory and motor neurons.

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12
Q

Motor neurons

A

The nerve cells that is sent away from the control centre and causes an organ such as a muscle or gland to respond to a stimulus.

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13
Q

How do messages travel though neurons.

A

Neurons are made up of three main parts: the cell body, dendrites and an axon. The electrical impulse enters the neuron through the dendrite which then sends in to through the cell body and the axon. When it reaches the end of the axon neurotransmitters are released into the synapse between it and another neuron. The chemical message from the neurotransmitters then binds to receptors on the dendrites of then other neuron where the chemical message may be converted into an electrical impulse. This continues until the message reaches a motor neuron which then communicates the message to an effector causing a response.

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14
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent after they receive messages from other neurons.

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Dendrites are structures that relay information towards the cell body for neuron after receiving messages from another neuron.

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16
Q

Axon

A

The axon is a long structure which the nerve impulse travels through after moving from the dendrites to the cell body. They’re are axon branches at the end of these.

17
Q

Myelin

A

A white insulating substance that often covers axons which speeds up the process.

18
Q

Conscious response

A

Actions taken after the brain receives information from one of the sense organs. It involves many interconnecting neurons and special parts of the brain.

19
Q

The types of receptors, what they respond to and where they are found

A

Type. What does it respond to. Location
Photoreceptor Light. Eye

Mechanoreceptors Sound, pressure
movement Ear, skeletal muscle ,skin

Chemoreceptors Chemicals. Tongue, nose

Thermoreceptors Temperature Skin

20
Q

Sense organs

A

A specialised structure that detects stimuli

21
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in temperature

22
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect touch, pressure and motion enabling you t balance, hear and sense pressure and movement. Found in the inner ear, skeletal muscle and skin

23
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Special cells within a sense organ that are sensitive to particular chemicals. Give you the sensation of smell and taste.

24
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Found in the eye photoreceptors detects changes in light differences, movement and shapes allowing us to see.

25
Q

What are receptors?

A

Receptors are special nerve cells which can be found in your eyes, ear, nose, tongue and skin. They identify changes inside and outside the body.

26
Q

Negative feedback

A

Negative feedback is a response that occurs in the opposite direction to the stimulus. It is a response that reduces the original stimulus. Eg. If levels of a particular chemical are too high the response will be to lower them.

26
Q

Positive feedback

A

Results in the response going in the same direction. Eg when a mother is breastfeeding mechanoreceptors detect this and so send a message to the control centre to increase the amount of milk.

27
Q

Endocrine system

A

Composed of endocrine glands which release hormones into the blood stream so that a specific effect occurs. The hormones are transported through the circulatory system to the effector which causes a response. The endocrine system works slowly but is long lasting.

28
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances produced by glands and circulated through the blood. They have a specific effect on the body.

29
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the brain which all sensory information (except smell) passes before going to other parts of the brain.

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors internal systems and controls the release of hormones to maintain homeostasis. Provides a bridge between the nervous and endocrine system in the way that it interprets electrical messages and then releases hormones to create a response.

31
Q

Brain stem

A

Connected to the spinal cord and controls all involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion. Sometimes called medula

32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls balance and muscle action

33
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher thinking, conscious response and voluntary actions.

34
Q

Somatic nervous sytem

A

The somatic nervous system collects information through sensory organs such as the eyes, ears and mouth. It also coordinates movement of the body.

35
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.