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2022-23 > Biology Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Any of the alternative forms of a gene

A

alleles

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2
Q

Gene expression is often related to whether a gene is located on an ______ or a ____ ________

A

autosome, sex chromosome

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3
Q

One of the factors that affect phenotype is which _________ a gene is located on

A

chromosome

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4
Q

Why can the probability of autosomal disorders be predicted?

A

Each human autosome has 2 homologous chromosomes (X X), with one gene on each, M & F, that each influence phenotype

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5
Q

Disorders can be caused by ______ or ______ alleles

A

Dominant, Recessive

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6
Q

___ copies of a recessive allele must be present for a person to have the disorder

A

2

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7
Q

A person who is ______ for a recessive disorder, does not have the disease but is a carrier

A

Heterozygous

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8
Q

A person who does not show disease symptoms, but can pass on the disease-causing allele to offspring

A

Carrier

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9
Q

_______ genetic disorders are far less common, but have greater chance of inheritance

A

Dominant

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10
Q

Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked genes

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11
Q

Female genotype, male genotype

A

XX, XY

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12
Q

Females can only pass on an x chromosome to offspring, but males can pass on an ___ or a ___, which determines the sex of the offspring

A

X,Y

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13
Q

In the expression of sex-linked genes, a disease can be x-linked or y-linked, and dominant or recessive

A

Got it!

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14
Q

In the expression of sex-linked genes, because males only have one copy of each sex chromosome, they express all of the alleles on both chromosomes (but if they donate a disease carrying Y chromosome to offspring, and the disease is X-linked, the offspring won’t have the disease)

A

Got it!

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15
Q

Traits that are specifically on the sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked traits

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16
Q

In a sex-linked disease that is X-linked, males are more likely to inherit the disease because, __________

A

they only have one x chromosome

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17
Q

A process that occurs in female sex cells, early in development, in which one x chromosome is randomly “turned off”

A

X chromosome-inactivation

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18
Q

Why does X chromosome-inactivation occur?

A

If both x chromosomes continued to produce proteins normally, development of the embryo would be impaired; humans have evolved to develop with the aid of only one x chromosome

19
Q

Offspring which express a heterozygous phenotype that is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes of the parents; “mix”

A

Incomplete Dominance

20
Q

Both traits are fully and separately express- neither allele is dominant nor recessive

A

Codominance

21
Q

Traits produced by two or more genes

A

Polygenic Traits

22
Q

A gene that can interfere, or overpower, the expression of other genes, regardless of which other genes an organism has inerited

A

Epistatic Gene

23
Q

Phenotype is usually a mixture of genes AND _____

A

Environment

24
Q

What does Mendel’s Law of Independent assortment state?

A

During gamete formation, gametes inherit alleles randomly; No Pattern

25
Q

When is the Law of Independent Assortment NOT true?

A

With linked genes

26
Q

Traits that appear to be inherited together frequently

A

Linked Traits

27
Q

Where are linked traits/genes always found?

A

On the SAME chromosome

28
Q

The ______ two genes are on a chromosome, the more likely they will be inherited together in gametes

A

Closer

29
Q

The ______ two gametes are on a chromosome, the more likely they will be separated during meiosis

A

Farther

30
Q

What accounts for linked genes not being inherited together in the same gametes?

A

Homologous chromosomes Cross Over

31
Q

Maps of the relative locations of genes on a chromosome

A

Linkage Maps

32
Q

The likelihood of genes being separated during meiosis/gamete formation, resulting in allele recombination

A

Recombination Frequency

33
Q

The ______ genes are on a chromosome, the higher recombination frequency they have

A

Farther

34
Q

How is recombination frequency found?

A

Crossing organisms with defined, linked traits:

The % of times the phenotypes of the linked traits are NOT found together in the offspring is the recombination frequency

35
Q

On a linkage map, 1% recombination frequency is represented by ___ unit

A

1

36
Q

Only ______ can carry sex-linked genetic disorders

A

Females; males can’t carry sex-linked genetic disorders because they only have one x, and if that x is affected, then they just have the disorder

37
Q

Both males and females can be carriers of a(n) ________ disorder

A

Autosomal

38
Q

Autosomal disorders are represented with _________, while sex-linked disorders are represented with _________

A

One letter (Dominant, Recessive); T t

Xs and Ys with exponents, dominant or recessive letters can represent the disease causing allele, depending on the disease

39
Q

A chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry recessive alleles

A

Pedigree

40
Q

In a pedigree, if roughly the same number of males and females have the disorder, it is likely ______
If more males have the disorder, it is likely _______

A

Autosomal, Sex-Linked

41
Q

A picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell

A

Karyotype

42
Q

How can Karyotypes be used to find chromosomal disorders?

A

Karyotypes show changes in chromosomes, by revealing their patterns/bands with a stain

43
Q

What did Morgan’s research with crossovers indicate to Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently

44
Q
A

2022-23 (15 decks)

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