A drug used to bring about passive immunity
VACCINE
A pathogen that is not alive
VIRUS
A microorganism that causes disease
PATHOGEN
Its name literally means ‘cell eating’
PHAGOCYTE
An antibiotic resistant bacteria
MRSA
Produced by Lymphocytes
ANTIBODY
Process by which bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics
EVOLUTION
Doctor who first realized that the spread of disease could be prevented by washing hands
SEMMELWEISS
A disease that has been eradicated by worldwide vaccination
SMALLPOX
A drug only effective in fighting bacterial infections
ANTIBIOTIC
Cell surface marker
ANTIGEN
Two ways viruses are different from bacteria…
Viruses have protein coats and bacteria do not. Viruses reproduce using host cells whereas bacteria just divide
Magnification equation..
magnification= image size/ actual size m=i/a
Influenza virus reproduces by…
infecting a host cell and destroying the host cell.
It is difficult to produce a single virus against the common cold because…
the cold virus keeps changing
Auto clave
pressure cooker used to sterilize the used plates
Antibiotics are ineffective against…
viruses
Examples of VIRUSES
influenza, common cold, HIV, AIDS
Examples of BACTERIA
Tuberculosis, Whooping cough, Cholera, Tetanus
Examples of FUNGI
Athletes foot, ringworm, potato blight, tapeworm, round worms
How many hours and minutes does it take for Bacteria to reproduce to make 1 million?
6h20mins
When antigens are released they are then called …
toxins
A pathogen is
a disease causing microorganisms
Agar jelly- great place for microorganisms to grow
Has to be 25 not 40 degrees because
at 40 it can become a biohazard
What is an antigen?
A marker molecule on the surface of a pathogen, which is foreign to the body.
Where are antigens in bacteria?
On the cell wall
Where are the antigens in a virus?
On the protein coat.
What is a lymphocyte?
A lymphocyte is a white blood cell which respond to the antigens and toxins by producing antibodies and help to protect against disease.
What happens to lymphocytes when they combine with an antigen?
They divide and multiply and release antibodies which are perfectly shaped to the antigens which surround the antigens and toxins and destroy them and the bacteria.
What are antibodies?
Made by lymphocytes to destroy toxins and bacteria.
What happens to toxins when antibodies bind to them?
They are destroyed
How long do antibodies last in the body?
2-3 weeks
How long do lymphocytes survive?
For a life time
The process of Phagocytosis
1) The phagocyte (white blood cell) can detect the bacteria using antigens
2) It engulfs the bacteria
3) Enzymes digest the bacteria within the phagocyte cell
4) The bacteria “disappears”
Bacteria are…
singles- celled organisms, which can multiply rapidly.
Some bacteria can make you ill by..
damaging your body cells or producing toxins
Viruses are …
tiny particles- they are not cells.
They are often made up of a coat of protein and a strand of…
DNA
Viruses replicate by…
fooling body cells into making copies of them
The cell then bursts and releases…
the new virus
The cell damage makes…
you feel ill.
It is important that people who have organ transplants avoid infection because …
they can’t deal with an infection because the drugs they take suppress their immune system.
White blood cells protect the body from infection by
engulfing microbes and killing them with phagocytes; detecting and identifying foreign bodies with antibodies from lymphocytes AND creating antibodies to help destroy bacteria from lymphocytes.
White blood cells recognize types of …
pathogens using antigens.
Natural immunity is …
experiencing a disease, surviving it and gaining an immune memory.
The body protects itself from infection from cuts by…
making a clot, which stops bacteria entering from the cut and then scabs.
Pathogen:
a disease causing a microorganism
Immunization:
vaccination so the body is immune
Antigens:
marker molecules on the surface of a pathogen, which are foreign to the body
Booster:
second immunization
Why can’t antibiotics treat colds?
Viruses cause colds; antibiotics only treat bacteria or infections
Why is it more difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses than it is to develop drugs to kill bacteria?
They are inside the human cell so they are hard to get at.
Lymphocytes respond to the chemicals on the outer surface of the bacteria or produced by the bacteria by…
making special proteins called antibodies.
The increased number of lymphocytes makes the person immune to the disease because…
the body is able to produce large amounts of antibody quickly and kill the bacterium before it can increase in number.
An antigen is a marker molecule on the surface of a pathogen. When released an antigen becomes a toxin. Antibodies destroy the bacteria by
binding onto the antigen on the pathogen. Made by lymphocytes.
Primary response:
First encounter with a new pathogen, what your body does on that encounter.
Secondary response:
What your immune system does the second time you experience that pathogen. Faster, longer and bigger than the primary response.
What is an antibiotic?
Antibiotics are medicines which can kill disease- causing bacteria inside your body. Chemical warfare agent fight off other microorganisms and decrease competition for food.
What are antibiotics effective against and how?
Antibiotics are effective against bacteria which can cause disease while they are inside your body. That damage the bacteria cells without damaging your own cells. They can save you from diseases which have previously killed millions of people.
Antibiotics not effective against?
Antibiotics are not effective against diseases cause by viruses as it is difficult to produce drugs to kill viruses without damaging the body’s cells.
How was MRSA developed?
MRSA developed by a chance, random, genetic mutation. NOT because antibiotics were used. MRSA became more common because antibiotics were used because MRSA had a selective advantage. If methicillin had not been used there would have been no reason for MRSA to become more common.
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin
Resistant
Staphylococcus
Aureus
How many people die each year from MRSA in the UK?
3000-4000