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Grade 10 Science > Biology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Anaphase

A

the phase in mitosis where chomosomes split into two halves and move to opposite poles of the cell

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2
Q

Define: Apoptosis

A

the controlled death of a cell that is no longer useful

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3
Q

Define: Cancer Cell

A

a cell that has somehow been damaged so it reproduces uncontrollably

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4
Q

Define: Cell Cycle

A

a cycle of growth and cellular divison that allows for the growth and reproduction of cells

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5
Q

Define: Cell Membrane

A

a layer of double lipids that protect the cell and allow different substances to passs through it (part of the cell)

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6
Q

Define: Cell Specialization

A

refers to the fact that different types of cells have different structures and abilities to perform their function efficiently

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7
Q

Define: Cell Wall

A

a part of a plant cell that is the rigid fram arounf the cell that provides strength, support and protection

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8
Q

Define: Centriole

A

forms the poles of the cell during mitosis and it allows for mitosis to occur. There are no centrioles in plant cells

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9
Q

Define: Chloroplasts

A

an organelle that contains chlorophyll which allows for the cell to carry out photosynthesis. They are only found in plant cells.

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10
Q

Define: Chromosome

A

the shortened chromatin that duplicate to form sister chromatids

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11
Q

Define: Cytokines

A

the process of mitosis where the cytoplasm and everything in the cell are evenly divided.

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12
Q

Define: Cytoplasm

A

the jelly-like substance that supports all organelles in the cell

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13
Q

Define: Cytoskeleton

A

the internal network of fibres that help maintain the structure of the cell

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14
Q

Define: Differentiation

A

the process through which stem cells become specialized

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15
Q

Define: Golgi Apparatus

A

an organelle that recieves protein from the endoplasmic reticulum. It is to modify, sort and package proteins

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16
Q

Define: Interphase

A

the phase of mitosis where the cell grows and prepares for cell divison by duplicating its genetic material

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17
Q

Define: Metaphase

A

the phase in mitosis where the double stranded chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

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18
Q

Define: Mitochondria

A

an organelle that converts chemical energy in sugar into energy that the cell can use. It supplies the cell with energy

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19
Q

Define: Mitosis

A

stage of the cell cycle in which the cell divides into 2 new daughter cells

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20
Q

Define: Nucleus

A

an organelle that controls all activities of the cell

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21
Q

Define: Organelle

A

a part inside a cell that performs a certain task to keep the cell functioning

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22
Q

Define: Prophase

A

a phase in mitosis where chromosomes shorten ad thicken and the nuclear membrane dissolves

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23
Q

Define: Sister Chromatids

A

the pair of chromosomes that have duplicated and therefore are identical

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24
Q

Define: Stem Cell

A

an unspecialized cell that can form specialized cells

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25
Q

Define: Telophase

A

the phase in mitosis where the chromosomes reach the poles and the chromosomes unwind and the nuclear membrane reforms

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26
Q

Define: Tissue

A

groups of cells that function together to perform a specialized task

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27
Q

Define: Vacuoles

A

membrane-boundorganelles that store nutrients, wastes and other substances used by the cell

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28
Q

Define: Capillaries

A

very small vessels (one cell thick) where gas exchange occurs

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29
Q

Define: Circulatory System

A

the system that allows blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and take waste away from the cells

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30
Q

Define: Digestive System

A

the system that allows for ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of solid wastes

31
Q

Define: Excretory System

A

the system that eliminates wastes. Consists of the skin, kidney, bladder, ureter and urethra

32
Q

Define: Esophagus

A

the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

33
Q

Define: Heart

A

a very strong muscle that pumps blood throughout the entire body

34
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

the tendency of an organism to maintain a steady state; an acceptable range of physcial and chemical conditions in which body cells, tissues and organs can operate efficiently

35
Q

Define: Integumentary System

A

the system that covers and protects the body and the glands help control body temperature

36
Q

Define: Interdependant

A

refers to one system relying on other systems to function efficiently

37
Q

Define: Intestines

A

there are 2 parts: the small intestine digests and absorbs food, the large intestine absorbs water and stores waste

38
Q

Define: Lungs

A

the organ that takes in oxygen to be used by the body and sends out carbon dioxide

39
Q

Define: Organ

A

a group of tissues that work together to perform a certain task

40
Q

Define: Respiratory System

A

the system that takes in oxygen and allows it to be used by the body and also gets rid of carbon dioxide

41
Q

Define: Skin

A

the protective layer of your body and allows for moisture to escape the body

42
Q

Define: Stomach

A

an organ in the digestive system that breaks down food with muscles and stomach acids

43
Q

Define: Lysosomes

A

small organelles filled with enzymes that break down invading bacteria and damaged organelles

44
Q

What are the 12 main organelles?

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. cell membrane
  3. nucleus
  4. vacuoles
  5. vesicles
  6. mitochondria
  7. lysosomes
  8. golgi apparatus
  9. endoplasmic reticulum
  10. cytoskeleton
  11. cell wall
  12. chloroplasts
45
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 (growth
  2. S (synthesis or replicating DNA)
  3. G2 (growth and interohase begins)
  4. Mitosis
46
Q

After interphase, what are the rest of the phases of mitosis?

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis 
(to remember: I Prefer Mice And Talking Cats)
47
Q

Define: Centromere

A

the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during mitosis

48
Q

Define: Chromatin

A

the stringy strands of DNA before they form chromosomes

49
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
50
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

cells that are tightly packed to form a barrier. The barrier can be 1 cell thick or several layers thick. Ex. skin, glands, lining of organs

51
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

it joins tissues together and also forms blood as well as provides structure and support. Ex. ligaments, bones, blood

52
Q

What is Muscle Tissue?

A

it allows for movement. You have voluntary muscles that only work when you want them to (ex. skeletal muscles like biceps). You also have involuntary muscles that work all the time without you controlling them. Ex. smooth muscles (stomach), cardiac muscles (the heart) and the brain

53
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

it transmits and stores information as well as respond to stimuli. Ex. brain cells, motor neurons

54
Q

Summarize the job of the Skin.

A

-it has 2 layers- the first one is the epidermis which is the outer protective layer and it makes vitaminD. The second layer is the dermis which is made of connective, nervous and muscle tissue. It is the inner layer and it secrets sweat, insulates and contains nerves. The skins function is to protect from damage, disease and dehydration, it regulates body temperature and it excretes wastes

55
Q

Summarize the Lungs.

A

They are made of connective and epithelial tissues and the lungs contain bronchus and bronchial tubes that lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli (a thin layer of epithelial tissue containing blood vessels). The lungs function is to carry out gas exchange and absorb oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood

56
Q

Summarize the Heart

A

It is a 4 chambered muscular pump that is connected to major blood vessels. Its function is to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body and pumps deoxygenated blood back to the lungs to become oxygenated

57
Q

Summarize the function of the Stomach

A

It is made up of all 4 types of tissues and is a muscular sac containing digestive juices and enzymes. Its function is to break down food through muscular action and chemical digestion.

58
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells?

A
  1. Embryonic Stem Cells

2. Adult Stem Cells

59
Q

Define: Embryonic Stem Cells

A

they are found in embryos and are able to undergo differentiation and can differentiate into other cell types

60
Q

Define: Adult Stem Cells

A

are highly specialized and are embryonic stem cells that have divided and become more specialized. Most of these cells are invloved in the replacement of damaged tissue and can regenerate from the cell of one organ into the cell of a different organ

61
Q

Why are Stem Cells important?

A

because some cells go through mitossi faster than others, so if we can use stem cells, we can replace damaged cells to help repair a damaged body faster

62
Q

What are the main parts of the circulatory system?

A
  • The heart- a very strong muscle that pumps blood throughout the entire human body
  • Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Veins- carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
  • Capillaries- very small vessels (1 cells thick) where gas exchange occurs
63
Q

What happens in the Respiratory system?

A

2 things happen- breathing and gas exchange

  • when you breathe in, your diaphragm contracts and lowers, your rib cage elevates causing air to be sucked into the lungs
  • when you breathe out, your diaphragm relaxes and rises and your rib cage depresses causing air to be forced out of the lung
  • gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen coming into the lung is traded with carbon dioxide from the body
  • an enzyme called hemoglobin in red blood cells carries gases in the body
64
Q

What are the 4 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. ingestion (taking in food)
  2. Digestion (breaking down food)
  3. absorption (absorbing nutrients into the blood stream)
  4. Egestion (eliminating wastes)
65
Q

What happens in ingestion?

A

food is passed from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus. The esophagus does this by rhythmic muscle contractions called peristalsis

66
Q

What happens in digestion?

A

food is broken down physically by chewing in the mouth and it is broken down chemically in the mouth (with saliva), stomach (with stomach acid), and small intestine (by digestive juices released by the pancreas and gall bladder)

67
Q

What happens in absorption?

A

nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream through the walls of the small intestine. Water is absorbed through the large intestine

68
Q

What happens in egestion?

A

the waste (mostly fiber) is expelled from the rectum and anus

69
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

to control body functions and coordinate responses and activities

70
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

bring oxygen into the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide

71
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

to cover and protect the body

72
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

remove waste from the blood and regulate water fluid levels

73
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

to make bile and remove toxic substances from the body

74
Q

What are cancer cells?

A

Cancer cells are cells that have somehow become damaged and reproduce uncontrollably. The cancer cells can reproduce until they reach the blood stream where they can travel all over the body. Cancer cells are often smaller than normal cells.

Grade 10 Science (5 decks)

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