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PHAR 211 - Personalized Medicine > Biomarker ID > Flashcards

Biomarker ID Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biomarker?

A

Indicator of normal biological processes, pathological processes, or responses to exposures / interventions.

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2
Q

Are biomarkers to be used as assessments of how individuals feel, function, or survive?

A

NOOOO

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3
Q

What is a molecular biomarker? Example?

A

Molecule measured in biological samples…

ie. CA125 - Used as confirmatory diagnosis & an index of how effective treatments against Ovarian Cancer are.

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4
Q

What is a radiographic biomarker? Example?

A

Characteristic derived from medical images…

ie. RECIST, CT Scan

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5
Q

What is a histological biomarker? Example?

A

Reflects biochem / molecular changes in cells, tissues, or fluids…

ie. Cancer Staging / Grades

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6
Q

What is a physiological biomarker? Example?

A

Measurement of body processes…

ie. Blood Pressure

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7
Q

Define GX, G1, G2, G3, G4 cancer grades…

A

GX - Cannot assess grade
G1 - Well Differentiated
G2 - Mod Differentiation
G3 - Poorly Differentiated
G4 - Undifferentiated

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8
Q

What makes an ideal biomarker?

A

-Sensitive & Specific
-Stratifies Risk Progression
-Cost Effective
-Personalized Management
-Quantifiable
-Can Correlate to Clinical Outcome

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9
Q

How do susceptibility & prognostic biomarkers differ?

A

S: Potential for one to develop a disease or med condition.

P: Used in those who already have confirmed diagnosis of a particular disease.

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10
Q

BRCA1/2 mutations are considered to be ________ biomarkers.

A

susceptibility / risk

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11
Q

GFR is considered to be a _______ biomarker, as it confirms CKD.

A

diagnostic

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12
Q

HER2 receptor expression is considered to be a ______ biomarker, as it identifies individuals who have HER2+ Breast Cancer.

A

diagnostic

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13
Q

ECLIA Immunoassays test for two diagnostic biomarkers, _______ & _____, in order to confirm Alzheimer’s Disease from cerebrospinal fluid taps.

A

Beta Amyloid
Tau

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14
Q

What are monitoring biomarkers used for?

A

To assess disease status (is it progressing) & treatment response.

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15
Q

Provide examples of monitoring biomarkers.

A

CA125 (Ovarian Cancer)
PSA (Prostate Cancer)

-Both analyzed via blood tests… Determine if treatments are working or not via reduced biomarker levels!

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16
Q

One downside to prognostic biomarkers?

A

Does not predict treatment response… Can only be used to identify likelihood of a particular health outcome in those who already have disease.

17
Q

How does HER2 overexpression influence its biomarker classification across different cancer spectrums?

A

Breast Cancer: Diagnostic, as overexpression of HER2 receptor confirms HER2+ Breast Cancer.

Endometrial Carcinoma: Transcript overexpression (ERBB2) of that precursor molecule which encodes for HER2 Receptor equates to lower prognostic (ie. Survival Rates / Time) outcome.

18
Q

TP53 mutations are utilized as Selective Prognostic Biomarkers in what disease state?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

19
Q

Predictive Biomarkers are used for what?

A

ID individuals who are more likely to respond to treatment than those w/o the biomarkers.

20
Q

How can HER2 overexpression be utilized as a Predictive Biomarker in Breast Cancer patients?

A

Those with HER2+ BC & overexpression will respond to targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab, Lapatinib, T-DM1, etc.

21
Q

How else could the absence of HER2 expression be utilized as a Predictive Biomarker?

A

If patient is a “Triple Negative” expressor, targeted therapies will not work!

22
Q

What are the predictive biomarkers we use to assess the appropriateness of targeted therapy usage in those with NSCLCs?

A

EGFR, ROS1

23
Q

What other predictive biomarker (aside from BRCA) can be used in assessing targeted therapy utility in those with Breast Cancer?

A

PIK3CA

24
Q

BRCA, EGFR, PIK3CA, & ROS1 are examples of ________ & _______ biomarkers.

A

prognostic; predictive

25
Q

What are safety biomarkers used for?

A

Assess likelihood, presence, or extent of toxicity (looked at before & after treatment).

26
Q

Provide two examples of Nephrotoxic Safety Biomarkers.

A

SCr, Urine Albumin

27
Q

What is a pharmacogenomic biomarker?

A

Shows interindividual genetic differences in PK, PD, efficacy, & safety of drug treatments.

28
Q

With what drug might we use CYP2D6 as a pharmacogenomic biomarker?

A

Atomoxetine

29
Q

What types of drugs are used as treatments for those with BCR-ABL Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers?

A

“tinib” drugs (ie. Imatinib).

30
Q
A

PHAR 211 - Personalized Medicine (12 decks)

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