Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KCU Comprehensive Exam > Bittel and Ferguson > Flashcards

Bittel and Ferguson Flashcards

1
Q

Is DNA parallel or antiparallel

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How often is there a turn in DNA

A

one turn every 10 bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What digest linker DNA?

A

nuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a nucleosome core particle made up of?

A

8 histone proteins

  • 2 molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3, H4
  • 2x standee DNa that is 147 nucleotide pairs long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the universal features of cells on earth?

A
  • all cells store their heredity info in the same linear chemical code: DNA
  • all cells replicate their hereditary information by templated polymerization
  • all cells translate RNA into protein in the same way
  • each protein is encoded by a specific gene
  • all cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks
  • all cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane across which nutrients and waste materials pass
  • life requires free energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does acetylation do for genes? methylation?

A

acetylation: activating
methylation: inhibiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an Okazaki fragment?

A

chunk of DNA on lagging strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

look at DNA repair pathways

A

slide 12-13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is homologous recombination

A

crossing over and gene conversion occurring in same chromosome, multiple opportunities for genetic reassortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a DNA only transposon?

A

short invited repeats at each end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What enzyme is required for movement in DNA only transposon?

A

transposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mode of movement for DNA only transposon?

A

moves as DNA, either by cut and paste or replicative pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe retroviral like retrotransposons

A

directly related long terminal repeats at each end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

retroviral like retrotransposons enzyme

A

reverse transcriptase and integrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

retroviral like retrotransposons move of movement

A

moves via an RNA intermediate whose production is driven by a promoter in the LTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe nonretroviral retrotransposons

A

poly A at 3’ end of RNA transcript, 5’ end often truncates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nonretroviral retrotransposons enzyme

A

reverse transcriptase and endonuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nonretroviral retrotransposons move of movement

A

moves via an RNA intermediate that is often synthesized form a neighboring promotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ in somatic cells direct differentiation into Sertoli cells instead of follicle cells

A

Sry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

secrete anti-mullerian hormone to suppress female development, causing mullerian duct to regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do leydig cells do?

A

secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In the absence of sry, what occurs?

A

genital ridge becomes ovary
PGC becomes egg
somatic cells differentiate into follicle cells (support cells) and theca cells (estrogen producing cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do capacitated sperm use to penetrate granulose cells?

A

hyaluronidase

25
Q

What does the zona pellucida act as?

A

species barrier

26
Q

The zona pellucida induces sperm to undergo ______ reaction, which does what?

A

acrosome, contents help sperm to tunnel through the zona pellucid and alters sperm so it can bind and fuse with plasma membrane of egg

27
Q

what do membrane proteins ZP1, 2 and 3 do in binding of the sperm to the egg

A

ZP 2 and 3 form long filaments

ZP1 cross link the filaments

28
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

DNA is transcribed to messenger RNAs which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation

29
Q

What are the three phases of translation?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

30
Q

describe initiation

A

ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon

31
Q

describe elongation

A

tRNA transfers an amino acid corresponding to the next codon. The ribosome then moves to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain

32
Q

describe termination

A

when a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide

33
Q

What types of organs are commonly affected by short telomere syndrome?

A

organs with heigh cell turnover, such as bone marrow, liver, lungs and immune system

34
Q

look at the two repair pathways

A

slide 35

35
Q

How does radiation greatly increase mutation rates in all organisms?

A

ionizing radiation dislodges electrons in tissue causing free radicals which often damages DNA
UV light induces the formation of pyrimidine dimer: two thymine bases covalently bonded that blocks replication
SOS system in bacteria: SOS system allows bacteria cells to bypass the replication block with a mutation prone pathway

36
Q

______ dimers result from ultraviolet light

A

pyrimidine

37
Q

What is thymine dimer repair?

A

dimer is reputed by enzymes that cut out the surrounding nucleotides and fill the space back in

38
Q

RNA sequence is the same as the ________ strand of DNA

A

nontemplate

39
Q

DNA is transcribed by _______

A

RNA polymerase

40
Q

function of mRNA

A

messenger RNA, code for proteins

41
Q

function of rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, form basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

42
Q

function of tRNA

A

transfer RNA, central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids

43
Q

function of snRNA

A

small nuclear, function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of pre mRNA

44
Q

snoRNA function

A

small nucleolar, help to process and chemically modify rRNAs and splicesomal RNAs/mRNAs

45
Q

siRNA funciton

A

small interfering, turn off one expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures

46
Q

piRNA function

A

piwi-interacting, bind to kiwi proteins and protect the germ line from transposable elements

47
Q

lncRNA function

A

long noncoding RNA, may of which serve as scaffolds, they regulate diverse cell processes, including X-chromosome inactivation

48
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

25 nucleotides from the transcription initiation site, protein TBP recognizes and binds to the TATA box providing the initial step to begin transcription

49
Q

As soon as mRNA is ~ 25 nucleotides long it is capped, what do three enzymes work together to do?

A
  1. dephosphorylate the 1st nucleotide
  2. add GMP in reverse link (5’ to 5’ instead of 5’ to 3’)
  3. add methyl group to guanosine
50
Q

_____ catalyzes one of the steps in clotting cascade. When mutated or deleted, it results in hemophilia.

A

Factor VIII

51
Q

What is the exosome?

A

protein complex that cleans up damaged RNAs before they leave the nucleus
rich in RNAses and chops up RNAs for recycling

52
Q

What are the functions of microRNAs?

A

regulate expression of more than 70% of all the protein coding genes
regulators of various biological processes including embryonic development, cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis
microRNAs play a role in complicated diseases

53
Q

What enzyme helps ensure that the correct amino acid is coupled to the tRNA?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

54
Q

What are the four steps in protein synthesis?

A
  1. new tRNA binds to A site pairing with codon
  2. carboxyl end of growing peptide is rebased from tRNA in P site. Peptide bond formation between the previous AA added and the new one. tRNAs in the P site and A site.
  3. Large subunit moves along mRNA held by small subunit, shifting tRNAs to P and E sites on small subunit
  4. small subunit moves 3 nucleotides along the mRNA and ejects the tRNA in the E site
55
Q

What is the primary role of proteins in the ribosome?

A

stabilize the RNA core (2/3 of ribosome is RNA)

56
Q

look at initiation of protein synthesis

A

slides 84-87

57
Q

______ mediated decay eliminates mRNAs with premature stop codons

A

nonsense

58
Q

How does a protein get sent to the proteasome

A

must be marked, protein E3 recognizes misfiled proteins and add multiple ubiquitin proteins to the misfolded peptide

59
Q

the cap of the proteasome has what on it?

A
  1. ubiquitin receptor
  2. unfolds
  3. ubiquitin hydrolase

KCU Comprehensive Exam (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions