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Cardiopulm > Blood Histology > Flashcards

Blood Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood that is RBCs usually about 44% of blood sample

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1
Q

Why is blood considered to be a CT

A

it contains cells, a liquid ground substane

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2
Q

Buffy coat

A

Composed or WBCs and platelets (cell fragments) less then 1% of blood sample

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3
Q

Plasma

A

fluid component of blood minus the formed elements

55% of blood

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4
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

water, proteins, other solutes

water is 92% of plasmas total volume

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5
Q

serum

A

When the proteins are removed from the plasma

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6
Q

Plasma proteins (4)

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen (for clotting)
regulatory proteins (enzymes and hormones)

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7
Q

Albumin

A

transports small molecules in the blood
important in maintaining oncotic pressure
SYNTHESIZED in LIVER

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8
Q

Decreases in serum albumin indicate what?

A

Could be a result of liver disease, since albumin is synthesized in liver
can also be a result of kidney disease, which allows albumin to escape in the urine
malnutrition/ low protein diet

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

blood clot formation

converted into long insoluble strands of fibrin for blood clot

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10
Q

Globulins

A

immunoglobulins,
smaller alpha and beta globulins bind, support and protect,
certain hormones and ions

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11
Q

Formed elements in the blood (3)

A

RBCs (transport gasses in blood)
WBCs (defense)
platelets (clotting)

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12
Q

RBCs are composed of

A

plasma membrane, underlying cytoskeleton, Hgb and a few other glycolytic enzymes
lack nuclei

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13
Q

Things involved in the junctional complex in the Cell membrane of RBCs

A

involves many proteins and spectrin
Spectrin is a large dimer and hooks up with junctional complex
allows RBCs to maintain biconcave shape

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14
Q

Spectrin

A

larger dimer that helps RBCs maintain biconcave shape

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15
Q

glycophorin

A

helps RBCs move through and not stick to vessels.

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16
Q

Cytoskeletal Abnormalities - Elliptocytosis

A

Autosomal dominant disorder
oval shaped RBCs
caused by defectiv self association of SPECTRIN subunits,
if anything in the COMPLEX IS DEFECTIVE

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17
Q

Cytoskeletal abnormalities - Spherocytosis

A

autosomal dominant
DEFICIENCY IN SPECTRIN
small dense cells lacking central pallor

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18
Q

Clinical features of cytoskeletal abnormalities

A

anemia, jaundice, spenomegally.
splenectomy is usually curative.
polychromasia usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature RBCs released too early

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19
Q

How many protein globins does each HgB have?

A

4

Alpha or B chains.

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20
Q

What does each Hgb globin chain contain

A

non protein heme group in the shape of a ring, with an Fe in its center.

REMEMBER each Hgb can bind 4 irons. meaning capable of binding 4O2s.

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21
Q

Hemoglobin Abnormalities - Sickle Cell anemia

A 
point mutation --> glutamic acid to valine at 6th positino in B globulin chain
defective HgB (HbS) tetramers aggregate and polymerize in O2- RBCs, changing biconcave disc shape
rigid, less deformable. sickle shaped cell
SEVERE CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIEA AND OBSTRUCTION OF POST CAP VENULES. CELLS STUCK IN CAPILLARY BED BLOCK O2 DELIVERY
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22
Q

HgB Abnormalities - Thalassemia syndromes

A

heritable anemias
defective synthesis of either A or B chains of normal HgB tetramer (a2b2)
hydrops fetalis= most sever alpha form, usu intrauterine fetal death
B thalassemia major= most sever B form= sever transplant dependant anemia = abnormal growht of facial features

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23
Q

RBC volume disorders - anemia

A

low # RBCs
inadequate production or survival
lethargy, shortness of breath, pallor, fatigue heart palpitations
strain on heart

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24
Q

RBC volume disorders - Polycythemia

A

RBCs higher than normal

may have normal blood volume
blood thick, viscous
STRAIN ON HEART

25
Q

Congenital hemolytic anemia

A

increased destruction

abnormal protein with increased fragility of PM

26
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

decreased absorption of Vit B12 bc

decreased IF in gastric secretions

27
Q

Fe deficiency anemia

A

most common, bur rarely due to diet

most common cause= excessive menstral bleeding, ulcers, colon cancer

28
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

decreased formation of RBCs and Hgb

defective bone marrow

29
Q

Compensatory polycythemia

A

result of chronic hypoxia
smoking
damage due to long term exposure to tobacco and CO

30
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Increase #RBCs due to increased EPO

31
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

RBC growth in Red marrow not regulated

RBC precursors continue to grow/ mature independent of EPO

32
Q

Blood doping

A

attempt to enhance athletic performance bin increasing #RBCs
removal and reinfusion with own blood
increase #RBCS also increase viscosity and work heart must do
also acheived by using recombinant humnan EPO rhEPO

33
Q

EPO

A

hormone released by kidney

stimulates synthesis of RBCs

34
Q

HbF

A

fetal hemoglobin. has higher affinity for O2 than does HbA

35
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Hemolytic disease in the newborn. when mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+. If mom exposed to Rh+ , will start to make antibodies against. problems in subsequent pregnancies.
TREATED with Rhogam - prevents long term sensitization to Rh antigens.

36
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCS
may leave bloodstream via diapedesis and enter CT by homing
immunity
larger cells.

37
Q

Granulocytes - definition

A

have primary and specific or secondary cytoplasmic granules

phagocytic cells with multilobed nucleus

38
Q

A granulocytes - definition

A

contain only primary granules.

39
Q

leukocytopenia

A

decreased circulating WBCs due to bacterial or viral infection. exposure to toxins, lukemia

40
Q

leukocytosis

A

increased WBCs can be indicative of dehydration, allergy or infection

41
Q

Types of Granulocytes (3)

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

42
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant. multilobed nucleus
eliminate opsonized bacteria or limit extent of inflammatory reactions
specific receptors for integrins for HOMING
1ST to arrive in areas of tissue damage
PHAGOCYTOSIS of bacteria and dead cells.

43
Q

Eosinophils

A 
red granules
nucleus= 2 lobes
PARASITIC infections
 dampen severity of allergic reactions
role in bronchial asthma
44
Q

Basophils

A

Bilobed nucleus, and blue-violet granules
resemble mast cells
histamine, heparin
role in Delayed hypersensitivity

45
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant

46
Q

Types of Agranulocytes (2)

A

Lymphocytes

monocytes

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

round nucleus, occupies most of cell. thin sliver of cytoplasm
T-cells - manage and direct immune response. some attack foreing cells and virus infected cells
B-cells - stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies

48
Q

Monocytes

A

Nucleus kidney shaped or u shaped
stay in blood 12-100 hrs then enter CT
in CT differentiate into Macrophages, involved in bacterial PHAGOCYTOSIS/ antigen presentation/ clean up of CELL DEBRIS

49
Q

Homing and inflammation steps (4)

A

Rolling and attachment
adhesion
transendothelial migration
activation of macrophages

50
Q

Rolling and attachment

A

leukocytes establis reversible binding with endothelial cells (CHO ligands - selectins)

51
Q

adhesion

A

strong interaction of endothelial cells and leukocytes

ICAM and LFA-1

52
Q

Transendothelial migration

A

PMNS migrate across endothelium along IL8 gradient, disrupt erythrocyte interaction

53
Q

Activation of MQ

A

MQ secrete Tnf-a and IL-1 to stimulate expresion of selectins by endothelial cells to keep neutrophils homing
+feedback

54
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies

clinical significance of homing

A

characterized by defect in wound healing, recurrent infections, and marked leukocytosis
LAD I
LAD II
no leukocyte migration into the CT

55
Q

Platelets

A

cytoplasmic fragments of the megokaryocytes
under control of TPO- produced in KIDNEYS and liver
megakaryocyte–> proplatelet–> fragment into platelets
BLOOD CLOTTING

56
Q

self regulatory mechanism of platelets

A

Platelet formation stimulated by TPO

platelets then bind and degrade TPO

57
Q

Hemostasis

A

Trauma –> blood to coagulate or clot

components in the plasma produce a web of FIBRIN that traps RBCS and platelets in the web to halt blood flow.

58
Q

Thrombocytopenia definition

A

reduction in number of platelets leading to increased susceptibility to bleeding

59
Q

Thrombocytopenia causes

A

decrease in production of platelets
increase in destruction of platelets
drugs - penicilin, sulfonamides, digoxin

60
Q

purpura

A

small reddish purple blotches

associates with thrombocytopenia.

Cardiopulm (3 decks)

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