Body Fluids

Question 1

Steps of performing a body fluid count

Answer 1

1. color and turbidity
2. perform hemocytometer count if not bloody or use automated
3. centrifuge and remove supernatant
4. cytocentrifuge slide or push smear if too many cells

Question 2

Volumes of CSF

Answer 2

• adults: 100-150 ml
• children: 60-100 ml
• newborns: 10-60 ml

Question 3

Purpose of CSF

Answer 3

• bathes the brain and spinal column
• cushion to brain
• circulates nutrients
• excretory channel for nervous tissue metabolism
• lubrication for CNS

Question 4

Normal color of CSF

Answer 4

clear, non-viscous

Question 5

First tube contains blood but the remaining tubes are clear or progressively get clearer, supernatant is clear

Answer 5

Traumatic tap

Question 6

all tubes are uniformly bloody, supernatant is yellowish or pinkish yellow

Answer 6

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 7

yellowish or pinkish color of the supernatant

Answer 7

xanthochromia

Question 8

Tube usage of CSF

Answer 8

1. chemistry and immunology
2. microbiology
3. hematology
4. chemistry

Question 9

Normal CSF cell counts in adults

Answer 9

0-5 WBCs

0 RBCs

Question 10

Normal CSF cell counts in neonates

Answer 10

0-30 WBCs

0 RBCs

Question 11

Predominant cell in CSF in adults

Answer 11

lymphocytes

Question 12

Predominant cell in CSF in neonates

Answer 12

monocytes

Question 13

• WBC count in the thousands
• neutrophils predominate
• bacteria
• low CSF glucose and increased protein

Answer 13

bacterial meningitis

Question 14

• WBC count can be in the hundreds
• lymphocytes predominate
• reactive and plasmacytoid lymphocytes
• normal CSF glucose and slight increased protein

Answer 14

viral meningitis

Question 15

• elevated WBC count

- cells appear in clumps

Answer 15

malignancies

Question 16

eosinophils and basophils present

Answer 16

foreign material (shunts), parasitic infection or allergic reacion

Question 17

high probability of blasts

Answer 17

ALL, AML, lymphoma, myeloma, CML

Question 18

space between lungs and pleural sac

Answer 18

pleural fluid

Question 19

space between heart and pericardial sac

Answer 19

pericardial fluid

Question 20

space between intestine and peritoneal cavity

Answer 20

peritoneal fluid

Question 21

fluid usually exists in extremely small quantities

Answer 21

examination

Question 22

accumulation of fluid in the cavity

also called ascites or ascetic fluid

Answer 22

effusion

Question 23

• develops as part of a systemic disease process
• appears as straw-colored and clear
• ex-congestive heart failure

Answer 23

transudate

Question 24

• develops due to bacterial or viral infection, malignancy, pulmonary embolism, or systemic lupus erythematosus
• appears as cloudy or hazy

Answer 24

exudate

Question 25

- lining cells of body cavity and shed constantly | - have fried egg appearance, basophilic cytoplasm, and oval nucleus with smooth nuclear borders

Answer 25

mesothelial cells

Question 26

allergic reaction to foreign material

Answer 26

eosinophils and basophils

Question 27

perform gram stain if possible for bacteria

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

intact neutrophil that has engulfed a homogenous mass of degranulated nuclear material

Answer 28

lupus erythematosus cells

Question 29

purpose is surrounds and cushions joints

Answer 29

synovial fluid

Question 30

normal quantity and color of synovial fluid

Answer 30

- extremely small quantities | - straw-colored and clear

Question 31

What makes synovial fluid viscous and what should be added

Answer 31

- hyaluronic acid | - hyaluronidase

Question 32

normal cells in synovial fluid

Answer 32

lymphocytes, monocytes, synovial cells

Question 33

line the cavity and appear similar to mesothelial cells but seen in smaller amounts

Answer 33

synovial cells

Question 34

similar to those seen in serous fluid

Answer 34

lupus erythematosus cells

Question 35

cells seen in synovial fluid with acute inflammation and bacterial infection

Answer 35

neutrophils

Question 36

common crystals of synovial fluid

Answer 36

- cholesterol - calcium pyrophosphate - monosodium urate

Question 37

- large, flat, extracellular crystal with notched corners | - chronic effusion, rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 37

cholesterol

Question 38

- intracellular and are small rhomboid, plate-like, or rod-like crystals - weakly birefringent when polarized - appears blue when longitudinal axis of the crystal is parallel to the y-axis - pseudogout

Answer 38

calcium pyrophosphate

Question 39

- intracellular or extracellular and are large needle-like crystals - strongly birefringent when polarized - appears yellow when longitudinal axis of the crystal is parallel to the y-axis - gout

Answer 39

monosodium urate

Question 40

- an unnaturally occurring specimen collected from the lungs by introducing warm saline and withdrawing it - used to determine types of organisms and cells in the lungs that are otherwise inaccessible - performed on patients with severe lung dysfunction

Answer 40

bronchoalveolar lavage

Question 41

normal cells of BAL

Answer 41

neutrophils, monohistiocytes (macrophages), and lymphocytes

Question 42

resemble mesothelial cells and seen in adult respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 42

pneumocytes

Question 43

indicates sample was obtained from the upper respiratory tract instead of the deep lungs

Answer 43

ciliated epithelial cell

Question 44

purpose of hemocytometer count

Answer 44

to quantitate the three major cell lines

Question 45

equation of hemocytometer

Answer 45

cell count = (cells counted*dilution factor)/(area counted*depth)