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Introductory Biochemistry > Bonding > Flashcards

Bonding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outermost shell of an atom called?

A

The valence shell

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2
Q

What defines the chemical reactivity of an atom?

A

The valence electrons

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3
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

The movement of valence electrons between atoms

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4
Q

What does the structure of an atom determine in terms of bonding?

A

Whether the atom can form bonds, and if it can form bonds, how many other atoms it can bond to

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5
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

To ensure maximum stability, atoms require a full valence shell

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6
Q

What interactions are present in bonding?

A

Electrostatic interactions

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7
Q

What types of atoms bond in ionic bonding?

A

A metal and non-metal

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8
Q

What types of atoms bond in covalent bonding?

A

Always between non-metals

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9
Q

What happens to electrons in ionic bonding?

A

They are completely transferred between the atoms

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10
Q

What happens to electrons in covalent bonding?

A

They are partially transferred between the atoms

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11
Q

What is the charge of the products of ionic bonding?

A

Either negative or positive

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12
Q

What is the charge of the products of covalent bonding?

A

Neutral

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13
Q

What structure does ionic bonding tend to form?

A

Crystalline lattices

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14
Q

When does non-polar covalent bonding occur?

A

When the atoms involved in bonding have the same electron densities/electronegativity

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15
Q

What is an example of a non-polar covalent bond?

A

Between two hydrogens in hydrogen gas

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16
Q

When does a polar covalent bond occur?

A

When the atoms involved in bonding have different electron densities/ electronegativity

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17
Q

In polar covalent bonding, what charge does the atom with the electron-poor region gain?

A

A partial positive charge

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18
Q

In polar covalent bonding, what charge does the atom with the electron-rich region gain?

A

A partial negative charge

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19
Q

What is an example of a polar covalent bond?

A

The bonds between the oxygen and hydrogens in water

20
Q

What effect do lone pairs have on a molecule?

A

They effect the shape of the molecule due to repulsions

21
Q

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom

22
Q

What is meant by the term electronegativity?

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a chemical bond, resulting in a polar bond

23
Q

What is the most electronegative element?

A

Fluorine

24
Q

What happens to the electronegativity across a row?

A

It increases

25
Q

What happens to the electronegativity down a column?

A

It decreases

26
Q

If two elements have different electronegativity (>1.7), what type of bonding will occur?

A

Ionic

27
Q

If two elements have similar electronegativity (<1.7), what type of bonding will occur?

A

Covalent

28
Q

What bonds form as a result of a double bond?

A

One pi bond and one sigma bond

29
Q

What bonds form as a result of a triple bond?

A

Two pi bonds and one sigma bond

30
Q

What are polyatomic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain both ionic and covalent bonds

31
Q

What molecule is the hybrid orbital SP3 present in?

A

Methane

32
Q

What molecule is the hybrid orbital SP3D present in?

A

PCl5

33
Q

What molecule is the hybrid orbital SP2 present in?

A

Ethene

34
Q

What molecule is the hybrid orbital SP present in?

A

Ethyne and CO2

35
Q

What are the percentages of each orbital in the hybrid orbital SP3?

A

75% P and 25% S

36
Q

What are the percentages of each orbital in the hybrid orbital SP3D?

A

20% S, 60% P, 20% D

37
Q

What are the percentages of each orbital in the hybrid orbital SP2?

A

67% P and 33% S

38
Q

What are the percentages of each orbital in the hybrid orbital SP?

A

50% S and 50% P

39
Q

What shape is methane?

A

Tetrahedral

40
Q

What shape is PCl5?

A

Trigonal bipyramid

41
Q

What shape is ethene?

A

Trigonal planar

42
Q

What shape is ethyne and CO2?

A

Linear

43
Q

What is the bond angle of a tetrahedral shape?

A

109.5 degrees

44
Q

What is the bond angle of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?

A

90/120 degrees

45
Q

What is the bond angle of a trigonal planar shape?

A

120 degrees

46
Q

What is the bond angle of a linear shape?

A

180 degrees

Introductory Biochemistry (16 decks)

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