Bone ID and Fractures Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Bone ID and Fractures Deck (26)
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1
Q

Process

A

finger-like projection that sticks out from the main part of the bone

2
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression on a bone, a scooped out area

3
Q

Condyle

A

large round protuberance at the end of a bone that helps form a joint

4
Q

Epicondyle

A

epiphyseal ends of the long bones, above the condyle

5
Q

Head

A

rounded proximal end of the bone

6
Q

Trochanter

A

large bump

7
Q

Line

A

less prominent ridge on a bone, often posterior

8
Q

Tubercle

A

small bump

9
Q

Tuberosity

A

medium-size bump

10
Q

Foramen

A

hole through the bone, or just into the center of the bone

11
Q

Crest

A

prominent ridge on a bone, often anterior

12
Q

Kyphosis

A

occurs when the thoracic curvature is exaggerated
spine is rounded too far backward
does not always require treatment, but if necessary, braces and/or surgery are options

13
Q

Lordosis

A

occurs when the lumbar curvature is exaggerated
also called swayback
varying levels of severity exist

14
Q

Scoliosis

A

occurs when the spine curves sideways/laterally
creates an s or c shape
3/100 people have some degree of scoliosis
more common and severe in females
braces and/or surgery may be required

15
Q

Causes of bone fractures

A

trauma = force exceeds bone strength
eg. twisting, compression, non-vertical
disease = bone weakened and more susceptible
eg. osteopenia and osteoporosis

16
Q

Diagnosis of fractures

A

may cause swelling, bruising, pain
affected limb may look deformed, or have bones poking through the skin
to confirm diagnoses, x-rays are taken

17
Q

X-rays

A

diagnostic test where radiation passes through the bones producing an image on film
ordered to detect diseases or injuries
fractures, dislocations, tumours, osteoporosis, abnormal spinal curve, foreign objects, osteoarthritis
performed by technician, interpreted by a radiologist
risk of harm is very low

18
Q

Treatment of fractures

A

in the case of a stress fracture, a splint or sling can be used to immobilize the injured area
simple fractures = bones are set and immobilized with a cast made of plaster or fiberglass, around 6-8 weeks
serious fractures = metal pins, plates and screws, as well as traction devices

19
Q

How bones heal

A

blood clot forms beneath broken ends (hematoma)
blood absorbs minerals from broken ends
broken ends become rubbery (organic protein)
network of connective tissues forms a cartilage bridge called callus, takes around 2 weeks
minerals laid down in protein frame, ossification occurs

20
Q

Fracture classifications

A

compound =
bone pierces skin
shattered bones
risk of infection
usually more soft tissue damage to muscles, ligaments, and tendons
simple = bone does not pierce skin
complete = bone breaks into 2 or more pieces
incomplete = bone does not break completely

21
Q

Stress fractures

A

hairline cracks along stress lines, difficult to detect

causes = repetitive activity, muscle imbalance, compression

22
Q

Comminuted

A

bone shatters into many pieces

23
Q

Greenstick

A

partial fracture
bone bends and one side splinters
common in children

24
Q

Avulsion

A

small piece of bone detaches with muscle tendon

eg. tibial tuberosity, lateral malleolus, ischial tuberosity

25
Q

Epiphyseal

A

separation of epiphysis at growth plate
most common in 12-14 year old boys playing contact sports
soame injury would result in ligament damage in adults

26
Q

Other types

A
compacted/impacted
fissured/linear
oblique
segmental
spiral
transverse