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1 PY1000 > Bone, muscle, nerve, integument > Flashcards

Bone, muscle, nerve, integument Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the 3 planes of movement

A
  1. Sagittal = front to back (spotty dogs)
  2. Transverse = left to right (tenbury warm up)
  3. Coronal = side to side (star jumps)
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2
Q

Name and describe the 3 axes of movement

A
  1. Longitudinal = head shake
  2. Horizontal = somersaults
  3. Antero-posterior = cartwheels
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3
Q

Describe the following terminology:

  1. Anterior / ventral
  2. Posterior / dorsal
  3. Superior
  4. Inferior
  5. Proximal
  6. Distal
A
  1. Front
  2. Back
  3. Higher than mid line
  4. Lower than mid line
  5. Closer to origin
  6. Further from origin
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4
Q

Describe the following terminology:

  1. Lateral
  2. Medial
  3. Superficial
  4. Axial region
  5. Appendicular region
  6. Lateral view
A
  1. Away from mid line
  2. Towards the mid line
  3. On the surface
  4. Head, neck and trunk
  5. Upper and lower limbs
  6. Side view
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5
Q

Describe the following prefixes:

  1. Sub
  2. Inter
  3. Hypo
  4. Inguin
  5. Epi
  6. Ante
A
  1. Below
  2. Between
  3. Below
  4. Groin
  5. Above
  6. Before
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6
Q

Give 5 functions of bones

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage (calcium)
Blood cell production (in bone marrow)
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7
Q

Describe the components of bones and what they provide

A

30% organic matrix (collagen fibers and bone cells), gives the bone flexibility and tensile strength.
70% inorganic salts gives the bone hardness

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8
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of a bone

A

Epiphysis (ends) : compact and spongy bone

Diaphysis (shaft) : compact bone collar

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9
Q

Describe bone growth and when does it stop

A

Epiphysial growth plates allow long bones to lengthen. Cartilage cells in the plates divide and is replaced by bone. Growth plates fuse at age 20.

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10
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

A cell that nibbles at and breaks down bone and is responsible for bone resorption. “Chomper”

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11
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

An osteocyte is a bone-forming cell that has become entrapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of the bone). They are mature osteoblasts. “Sitter”

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12
Q

Describe osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts are bone forming cells. Of the three types of bone cells, they are the ones that produce the matrix that makes up bone. “Builder”

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13
Q

How can Osteoclast activity affect bones

A

Osteoclast activity increases you lose bone mass and bones begin to thin. Bone becomes spongy with bigger gaps. Risk of osteporosis.

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14
Q

Why do bones have a spongy inner layer?

A

Makes the bone lighter

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15
Q

Describe the haversian system

A

Sheets of bone are curled to form single lamellae which make up the osteon in compact bones. In the centre of the lamellae are haversian canals.

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16
Q

Give 5 functions of skeletal muscle

A 
Movement
Posture
Communication
Stabilise joints
Generate heat
17
Q

What is a fascicle

A

A small bundle of fibres, usually muscle or nerves

18
Q

Name and describe the 3 muscle coverings

A 
Epimysium = covers the whole muscle
Perimysium = surrounds muscle fascicles
Endomysium = surrounds muscle fibre
19
Q

Describe what myofibrils are and what they are made from

A

One of the slender threads of a muscle fiber.

Made of myofilaments.

20
Q

What are myofilaments

A

Thin and thick strands of protein

21
Q

Describe the microscopic build up of muscles

A 
Muscle 
Muscle fascicle (bundle of muscle fibres)
Muscle fibres (cell)
Myofibrils 
Myofilaments
22
Q

What are the 2 functions of nerves

A
  1. Carry sensory info from periphery to CNS

2. Carry info from CNS to muscles

23
Q

Describe the 3 nerve coverings and what they are

A 
Epineurium = covers the whole nerve
Perineurium = surrounds the nerve fascicles
Endoneurium = surrounds each neuronal axon

They are all fibrous connective tissue

24
Q

Describe the break down of a nerve

A

Nerve
Nerve fascicle (bundle)
Axon (part of nerve)

1 PY1000 (17 decks)

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