Bones

Question 1

what is the compound that makes up the inorganic component of the extracellular matrix of bone

Answer 1

calcium hyroxyapatite

Question 2

what cell is responsible for bone synthesis

Answer 2

osteoblast

Question 3

what cell is responsible for bone breakdown

Answer 3

osteoclast

Question 4

what cell is responsible for bone maintaince (also a mature osteoblast)

Answer 4

osteocyte

Question 5

what is the name of bone stem cells

Answer 5

osteogenic cells

Question 6

what chemicals do osteoclasts use to break down bone

Answer 6

acid and carbonic anhydrase II

Question 7

where is compact bone found

Answer 7

diaphysis

Question 8

what is the name of the repeating structure in compact bone

Answer 8

Haversian system or osteon

Question 9

what is the name of the structure that surrounds compact bone

Answer 9

periosteum

Question 10

where is soft bone found

Answer 10

epiphysis

Question 11

what is the name of the porous structure in soft bone

Answer 11

trabeculae

Question 12

what is the function of red bone marrow

Answer 12

haemopoeitic tissue

Question 13

what is yellow bone marrow made of

Answer 13

fat adipose tissue

Question 14

what process form the skull and clavicle

Answer 14

intramembranous ossification

Question 15

what is the name of the organic material osteoblasts secrete in intramembranous ossification

Answer 15

osteoid

Question 16

outline the 4 steps of lengthwise bone growth

Answer 16

• resting cartilage
• chondrocytes cause cartilage atrophy
• cartilage dies
• cartilage calcifies

Question 17

what is the location of lengthwise bone growth

Answer 17

epiphyseal plate

Question 18

outline the 5 steps of widthwise bone growth

Answer 18

• osteoblast secrete bone matrix
• matrix forms a groove around blood vessels
• remodelling to form osteon
  outer lamellae laid down

Question 19

what 2 ways does physical activity affect bone growth

Answer 19

stimulates bone growth and encourages remodelling

Question 20

why is bone remodelled when there is a change in physical activity type

Answer 20

trabeculae are along lines of stress

Question 21

how does PTH impact bone

Answer 21

breakdown

Question 22

how does calcitonin impact bone

Answer 22

formation

Question 23

what is role of insulin in bone maintenance

Answer 23

synthesises proteins for bone growth

Question 24

what is role of thyroid hormone in bone maintenance

Answer 24

stimulates osteoblasts

Question 25

what is role of oestrogen in bone growth

Answer 25

stimulates or stops growth

Question 26

relevance of vitamin A in bones

Answer 26

enhances osteoblast activity

Question 27

relevance of vitamin C in bones

Answer 27

collagen synthesis

Question 28

relevance of vitamin D in bones

Answer 28

calcium reabsorption

Question 29

relevance of vitamin K and B12 in bones

Answer 29

synthesises bone proteins

Question 30

relevance of manganese in bones

Answer 30

activates enzymes used in formation

Question 31

outline the 5 stages of bone remodelling

Answer 31

- quiescence - osteoclasts digest bone - macrophages clean up - osteoblasts lay down new bone - new bone mineralises

Question 32

what is the name of the new bone that osteoblasts lay down in fracture repair

Answer 32

hard callus

Question 33

first stage of fracture repair

Answer 33

haematoma- to stop bleed

Question 34

second stage of fracture repair

Answer 34

inflammation- clean up damaged tissue and soft callus laid

Question 35

what cells lay down soft callus in inflammatory stage of fracture repair

Answer 35

chondrocytes

Question 36

third stage of fracture repair

Answer 36

hard callus

Question 37

what cells lay down hard callus in fracture repair

Answer 37

osteoblasts

Question 38

fourth stage of fracture repair

Answer 38

remodelling

Question 39

what is the name of the process that forms long bone

Answer 39

endochondrial ossification

Question 40

name of the initial bone model in endochondrial ossification

Answer 40

hyaline cartilage model