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RUSVM Pathology I > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the matrix of bone called? And what is it made of?

A

Osteoid

Glycoproteins and collagen fibers

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2
Q

What is the main component of mineralization ?

A

Calcium hydroapatite (CHAP) crystals

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3
Q

What are the cellular elements of bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Lining cells (inactive osteoblasts)
Osteoclasts

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Wooooven bone - immature and randomly arranged

Lamellar bone- mature with collagen fibers arragned in a parallel pattern

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5
Q

What are the two ways of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous ossification - within “membranes” of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue-> flat bones of the skull

Endochondral ossification -develops from hyaline cartilage that is replaced by osseous tissue present in the ossification centers

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6
Q

Where does endocondrial ossification occur?

A

Epiphyseal plate of developing bone

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7
Q

What is the condition of decreased length of long bones?

A

Chondrodysplasia

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8
Q

How does chondrodysplasia occur?

A

Membranous appositional growing is normal but interstitial growth of cartilage is abnormal resulting in premature closure of growth plate.

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9
Q

What are the most common cattle breeds that get chondrodysplasia?

A

Dexter cattle

Also angus and Hereford

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10
Q

What lethal form of chondrodysplasia is seen in dexter cattle?

A

“Dexter bulldog”

Inherited condition - affected cattle are often aborted and exhibit disproportionate dwarfism

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11
Q

Moo cow with …
shortened vertebral column, marked micromelia, large head with short muzzle, protruding tongue, and large abdominal hernia.

What is this?

A

Dexter bulldog

Chondrodysplasia

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12
Q

What is Wobblers syndrome?

A

AKA cervical-vertebral stenosis myelopathy

Localized skeletal dysplasia -> degenerative joint disease of the axial skeleton -> compression of spinal cord -> ataxia

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13
Q

What are the two types of cervical-vertebral stenosis myelopathy

A

Static - constant compression no matte the position of the neck

Dynamic - occurs when the neck is flexed

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14
Q

What is an inherited disease caused by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosia?

A

Osteopetrosis

AKA metaphyseal dysplasia

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of osteppetrosis ?

A

Decreased osteoclasts-> increase bone density and lack of medullary spaces –> aplastic anemia and bones susceptible to fracture (loss of flexibility)

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16
Q

Pig
Limbs (mostly forelimb) appear to be swollen due to excessive disposition of radiating trabecule on the periostal surface

What is this?

A

Congenital cortical hyperososis of pig

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17
Q

Amelia is ???

A

Absence of limb

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18
Q

Hemimelia is????

A

Absence of distal half of limb

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19
Q

Polymelia is ???

A

Supranumerary limbs

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20
Q

Micromelia is?

A

Abnormally small or short limbs

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21
Q

Syndactylia is??

A

Fusion of the digits

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22
Q

Polydactylia is ??

A

Supernumerary digits

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23
Q

___________ is a ventral deviation of the vertebral column

A

Lordosis

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24
Q

__________ is a dorsal deviation of the vertebral column

25
____________ is a lateral deviation of the vertebral column
Scoliosis
26
____________ is a dorsal-lateral deviation of the vertebral column
Kyphoscoliosis
27
___________ is due to asymmetric lesion of the growth plate, occurring in young animals
Angular limb deformities
28
Lateral deviation of the joint is called _________ and medial deviation is called ___________
``` Valgus deformity (knocked kneed) Varus deformity (bow legged) ```
29
Angular deformities can be caused by ???
``` Malposition in utero Joint laxity Hypothyroidism (congenital goiter) Trauma Malnutrition Impaired endochondrial ossification ```
30
Metabolic bone diseases are also called ________
Osteodystrophies
31
Metabolic bone diseases are a result of disturbed bone growth or remodeling due to __________ or __________ imbalances
Nutritional; hormonal
32
What nutritional imbalances can result in metabolic bone disease
Vitamin C, D, Ca, P, or protein
33
What hormonal imbalances can lead to metabolic bone disease?
Parathyroid (PTH), thyroid (calcitonin), gonad (estrogen), and adrenal (corticosteroids) problems
34
What toxicities can lead to metabolic bone diseases?
Learn and fluoride poisoning, hypervitaminosis A
35
Metabolic bone disease are classified into what 4 conditions?
Osteoporosis Rickets Osteomalacia Fibrous osteodystrophy
36
What is osteoporosis ?
Osteopenia (decreased amount of bone) - reduced thickness of cortical bone and decreased number of trabeculae in the cancellous bone
37
What are etiologies of osteoporosis ?
Nutritional - starvation, Cu deficiency, Vit C deficiency Aging Disuse
38
What is rickets?
Metabolic bone disease of young growing animals -defective calcification of osteoid and defective endochondrial ossification
39
What is the etiology of rickets?
Vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency Lack of sunlight (decrease vitD)
40
What are the gross lesion of rickets?
Irregular thickening of growth plates with tongues of uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysics Widening of growth plates ->.enlarged ends of long bones; enlargement of costocondrial junctions Weight bearing long bones become bowed Hemorrhage of articular cartilage or in growth plate Pathological fracture
41
What disease of adult animals is due to unmineralized osteoid that is resistant to osteoclastic reabsorption and accumulation in the bone?
Osteomalacia
42
What is the etiology of osteomalacia?
Failure of mineralization due to vit D or P deficiency
43
Mature animals with... Shifting lameness (bone pain) Pathological fractures Deformities like kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis?
Osteomalacia
44
What bone disease is characterized by extensive bone reabsorption and replacement by fibrous CT and poorly mineralized immature bone ?
Fibrous osteodystrophy
45
What is the etiology of fibrous osteodystrophy?
Hormonal Hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary)
46
What is primary hyperparathyroidism ?
Associated with parathyroid adenoma in dog | -> increased PTH = hypercalcemia and hypophsphatemia
47
What is secondary hyperparathyroidism ?
Nutritional -> dietary deficiency of Ca/ vitD, or excess P => increase PTH Renal -> P retention due to loss of glomerular function and inadequate synthesis of calcitriol => increase PTH
48
What is the pathogenesis of lead poisoning leading to bone disease?
Lead interferes with osteoclastic activity -> subtle bone lesions -> increase bone density in the metaphysics -> "lead line"
49
What is the pathogenesis of fluoride toxic osteodystrophy ?
Herbivores (mainly cattle and sheep) -> affect normal metabolism of bone and teeth -> ameoloblast and odontoblasts are markedly sensitive to excess Fourier and result in dark-brown discoloured teeth that wear down easily Bones exhibit periosteal hyperostosis
50
Cats that eat a high amount of bovine livers for a long period of time have what toxic osteodystrophies?
Hypervitaminosis A
51
What is hypervitaminosis A toxic osteodystrophies ?
Deforming cervical spondylitis Develop ostophyte formation around the joints of the cervical vertebrae, shoulder, and elbow
52
What is the reaction of bone to ischemia ?
Necrosis -> bone ischemia associated with trauma/ inflammation/neoplastic bone disease Cell death with loss of osteocytes for their lacunae
53
What is the outcome of osteonecrosis?
Complete resorption and replace the of necrotic bone "sequestrum" -> piece of necrotic bone isolated from remaining viable bone -> formation of granulation tissue and reactive bone called "involucrum"
54
What type of bone fracture is due to normal bone broken by excessive force
Traumatic
55
What type of bone fracture is due to abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing
Pathological
56
What type of bone fracture is caused by the pull of a ligament or muscle tendon at its insertion?
Avulsed
57
What is fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone called?
Micro-fracture/infraction
58
How is a fracture repaired?
Blood clot in fracture site Fibroblasts enter site Blood vessels through the periosteum Formation of cartilage and woven bone Osteoclasts clean up debris
59
What complications can be associated with bone fractures?
Bone necrosis and formation of sequestrum Nonunion fracture-> pseudoarthrosis (false joint) formation Osteomyelitis (compound fractures) Cachexia

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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